Oceanography

Sediment, a naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of fluids such as wind, water supply, or ice, and/or by the force of gravity acting on the particle itself.

Sediments are most often transported by water (fluvial processes), wind (aeolian processes) and glaciers. Beach sands and river channel deposits are examples of fluvial transport and deposition, though posit also often settles discover of slow-moving or standing water in lakes and oceanic dunes and loses are examples of aeolian transport and deposition. Glacial moraine deposits and till are ice-transported sediments.







The 4 main types of sediment


Lithogenous = composed of fragments of pre-existing rock material


biogenous = composed of hard remains of once-living organisms


Hydrogenous = formed when dissolved materials build hold out of solution (precipitate)


Cosmogenous = derived from outer space



Origin of lithogenous sediment


Forms by:


Weathering = licentiousness of exposed rock


Transportation = movement of sediment


Deposition = settling and accumulation



Lithogenous sediment composition


Most lithogenous sediment is composed of quartz, which is:


Abundant


Chemically stable


Durable



Lithogenous sediment texture


grain includes:


Grain size


Sorting


Rounding


Maturity





Distribution of lithogenous sediment


Lithogenous sediment occurs as:


Neritic (nearshore) deposits


Beaches


Continental shelves


Turbidites


Glacial-rafted debris


Pelagic (deep ocean floor) deposits


Abyssal clay



Origin of biogenous sediment


Organisms that cook hard parts die


Material rains down on the ocean floor and accumulates as:


Macroscopic shells, bones, teeth


Microscopic tests (shells)


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