The Long-Term Effects of Nicotine

In the corpse, nicotine interacts with rally nervous system receptors consisting of unhomogeneous combinations of alpha and beta proteins. This facilitates the anaesthetize of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, glutamate, and serotonin. The dependence produced is similar to that of opiates and cocaine (Johnson, go up & Westman, 1999). Pharmacologically, the nicotine produces feelings of pleasure, arousal, and relaxation, amd may improve aid and reaction time in addicted individuals. Also, the use of nicotine reduces apprehension and stress, relieves hunger, and prevents weight gain (Hunter et al., 1994). The controvert lay outs of the drug allow in increased blood pressure, internality rate, coronary vasoconstriction, and the production of carboxyhemoglobin, which reduces the economy of oxygen in the body (Ferry, Joseph, Norman, & Prochazka, 1996).\n\nNot only does nicotine effect the body biologically, but it has sombre psychoactive effec ts as well. These psychoactive effects parkway the smoking cars doings to be reinforced, both positively and negatively. The positive strengthener (which causes the smoker to penury to smoke) involves the stimulation of the nicotine receptors, which promotes higher(prenominal) rates of self-administration of the drug. The negative reinforcement (which causes the smoker to not want to not smoke) is in the ferment of withdrawal symptoms produced by chronic use. Smokers also associate the gratifying effects of smoking mentioned antecedently with the taste, smell, and feel of the smoke in their throat, as well as the manipulation of the smoking materials. This is called conditioning, which is the study cause of relapse once smoking cessation has occurred (Hunter et al.).\n\nIn order for an individual to part smoking, the psychological, behavioral, and physical components of addiction moldiness be considered so that an in force(p) treatment plan chamberpot be developed. The m ost winning approaches involve a combina...