Cultures in Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cultures in Conflict - Essay Example In the nineteenth century the Jews, like the Christians and the Muslims, went through a phase of conflict -- the struggle between reformers and conservatives. Among the Muslims, the Greeks, and the Armenians, the reformers won. Among the Jews, they lost. For this the Jews paid a price. Compared with their Christian neighbors they fell steadily behind. The Jews had cast their lot, not surprisingly, with the reactionary forces among the Turks. The destruction in 1826 of the Janissary Corps, the old military order, with which the Jews had important links, was a heavy blow. The rise of Russia and the growth of Russian influence were also not very helpful to Jews in the Ottoman Empire. Later in the century there was a certain upswing in the entrept trade of Salonica with its ties to the West, but despite improved education, which was fostered most notably by the Alliance Isralite Universelle, the effort came too late. They were caught in the circumstances which led to the end of the Ottoman Empire and the transformation of the entire region. Language has barely been mentioned in this discussion of the major communities of the Ottoman Empire. ... However, the language of ritual was not necessarily the language of the street or the home. While the hierarchy of the Greek Or thodox church was both ethnically and linguistically Greek, the parish clergy and flock was a polyglot mass speaking almost as many languages as were spoken in the empire itself. In the Balkans there were speakers of Slavic and, in the case of Rumanian, a Romance language. To the south of Anatolia there were Arabic-speakers. In Anatolia itself, according to observers during the nineteenth century, the majority of the communicants of the church did not know Greek at all, as their native language was Turkish or Armenian. In Anatolia the Greek Orthodox who were literate wrote in Greek script, but the language many of them transcribed was Turkish or Armenian. The Ottoman Empire was a classic example of the plural society. An acute observer of similar societies in South Asia defined them with the following description which applies equally well to the Ottoman world: . . . probably the first thing that strikes the visitor is the medley of peoples. . . . It is in the strictest sense a medley, for they mix, but do not combine. Each group holds by its own religion, its own culture and language, its own ideas and ways. As individuals they meet, but only in the market-place, in buying and selling. There is a plural society, with different sections of the community, living side by side, but separately within the same political unit. Even in the economic sphere there is a division of labor along racial lines. (Furnivall 304-305) For all their shortcomings, plural societies did allow diverse groups of people to live together with a minimum of bloodshed. In comparison with the nationstates

Releasing Protected Health Information Essay Example for Free

Releasing Protected Health Information Essay When it comes to the handling of patient’s records and them being released, it is not an easy process. It is very important for each patient that opts to have their information released for whatever reason sign a release form stating that they authorize their information being released. There are times in which a patient’s records can be released without having their authorization. In this case, the records can be requested from government agencies, legal agencies or a representative, and a research that may subpoena a medical profession for this information. Every person that becomes a patient in a healthcare facility is protected by something called HIPAA. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) is a federal law passed by Congress that amended â€Å"the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to improve portability and continuity of health insurance coverage in the group and individual markets, to combat waste, fraud, and abuse in health insurance and health care delivery, to promote the use of medical savings accounts, to improve access to long-term care services and coverage, to simplify the administration of health insurance, and for other purposes,† according to Essential of Healthcare Management (2011). HIPAA is a set of rules that address the use of privacy and confidentiality of an individual’s health records. Any facility that practices with the care of a patient is subject to the privacy rule of HIPAA. The covered entities would be considered privacy and disclosure of information as protected health information. The covered entity is required to obtain an individual’s authorization prior to disclosing any health information. Every patient when seen by a healthcare professional is made aware of their rights to how they want their medical information to be used. The reason for this is to keep patients information private and protected.  What it does allow is some information to be able to be transferred with the patient from physician to physician so that they the physician can know something about the patient to help them in the best way that they can. There are different circumstances by which agencies or covered entities have the right or legal obligation to access or obtain Patient’s Healthcare Information (PHI). PHI is under the HIPAA that gives the privacy regulation the privacy that should remain between the patient and doctor. Under some circumstances the gove rnment has the right or legal obligation to a patient’s medical records. Any health care data for analysis in support of policy, planning, regulatory or management functions, it is permitted to disclose information to other government agencies for health data systems (according to http://www.ncdhhs.gov/healthit/exchange/NCLaws_alignment.pdf). Any non-covered government entities may only maintain a limited amount of data sets of information. This is so that the identifiers (name, address and Social Security numbers) can be removed before the government agency receives them. When files are usually authorized to the law officials, it may be because the person can be a victim of domestic violence to a government authority, abuse, and neglect. In a case like the patient is informed that their information has been released unless the health facility believes that a serious harm will occur or the person may portray to themselves. Researchers may need to use files without being authorized to do so if they need to find a treatment for the person. Trying to receive the approval from a patient can be time consuming by which can getting a glimpse at the files and starting the job is much easier. I believe that no matter what kind of storage that is placed on medical records, it is secured and should be assessable when needed. Law official/ researchers are able to subpoena records due to research or something. I believe that they should be authorized to obtain records without a patient’s authority depending on the case. I believe that having records subpoena should go by a base-to-base case. I believe that privacy safeguards are adequate to support the law agencies, researchers, and government agencies of having them be able to obtain information about a patient even without their consent. I believe that in the long run, it makes it easier for some of these agencies to be able to do their job without any interruptions and debater. Before starting this class, I did not know as much as I do now. I believe that the HIPAA law  is something that protects patients from their PHI being exposed to the wrong people. It is something that is great that is in place! References Green, M. A., Bowie, M. J. (2011). Essentials of Health Information Management (2nd ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar, Cengage Learning. Legal Requirements for Consent to Disclose Patient Information. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.ncdhhs.gov/healthit/exchange/NCLaws_alignment.pdf U.S. Department Health Human Services. (2013). Retrieved from http://ww

Circadian Clocks Essay example -- Biology

What is a circadian clock? A circadian clock is an internal biological clock that is found in almost all organisms, which regulates many metabolic processes. This biological clock allows organisms to adjust physiologically to changes in the environment. It is also influential in an organism’s behavior based on environmental differences. What do circadian clocks regulate? In plants, circadian clocks control flowering, response to seasons, and photosynthesis such as the opening and closing of the stomata. In mammals, circadian clocks manage sleeping, waking, feeding, and controlling whether an animal is nocturnal (most active at night) or diurnal (most active during the day). In cyanobacteria, circadian clocks regulate nitrogen fixation. In general, circadian clocks direct cell replication, amino acid uptake, and carbohydrate synthesis. Why are circadian clocks important? Circadian clocks are an integral part of everyday life for most all organisms on Earth. They regulate the most important functions in each organism. Without these biological clocks, processes such as metabolism would be completely disorganized and all of our bodies would go entirely awry. Life as we know it today would not exist in the regular predictable pattern. It’s as easy as Kai A, B, C! General Info about Cyanobacteria: (the organisms studied in this experiment) * Cyanobacteria are among the oldest organisms on Earth * They are very diverse: different species of cyanobacteria can survive in a broad range of environmental conditions * Even though cyanobacteria are unicellular, they perform many metabolic activities: photosynthesis, carbon fixation, and nitrogen fixation * Their circadi... ...rol the growth of tumors. Studies like this may eventually even lead to a cure for cancer! References Ditty, J.L, S.B. Williams and S.S. Golden. 2003. "A Cyanobacterial Circadian Timing Mechanism." The Annual Review of Genetics 37:513-517. Available at . Golden, Susan S. 2003. "Timekeeping in bacteria: the cyanobacterial circadian clock." Current Opinion in Microbiology 6:535-540. Available at . Johnson, Carl H. and Martin Egli. 2004."Visualizing a biological clockwork's cogs." Nature Structural & Molecular Biology 11(7):584-585. Available at . Vakonakis, Ionannis and Andy C. LiWang. 2004. "Structure of the C-terminal domain of the clock protein KaiA in complex with a KaiC-derived peptide: Implications for KaiC regulation." PNAS 101(30):10925-10930. Available at .

1. How, Specifically Is the Process of Attribution Illustrated in This Case?

Case Module 5 1. How, specifically is the process of attribution illustrated in this case? Ans. The process of attribution regarding the case referred, flags relatively regarding the behavior of the customer’s eye contact wrong implication. The case study stated that a in certain supermarket dozen females claimed the issue of drawing the unwanted attention for maintaining eye contact. There was no clear information as how many female employees were employed there. This may raise several questions of the internal causes and external causes of behavior.The nature of the twelve women was unknown regarding other issues outside their work place. The case study does not apparently satisfy the â€Å"consistency† of the attribution. This implies the behavior of the female employees and the customers they face behave in the same manner in other situations for knowing the distinctiveness of their claims. If the case study had satisfied the arguments then this would have helped in better understanding of the concept of attribution. 2. What do you suppose is being done to help train people to be friendlier toward customers?In other words, what would you imagine goes on in Safeway’s †smile school†? Ans. There is an underlying concept of positive reinforcement that satisfies the organizations in treating people for the desired returns in the form of sales or goodwill. In the Safeway supermarket they send their employees for the friendliness school called â€Å"Smile school†. They make their employees to follow certain trivial manners that greatly affect the positivity in people like smiling face towards customers, maintaining eye contact for three seconds, calling the people by their name when they pay by check or credit card.Respective to the case study the smile school seems enforcing its policies irrespective of the employees’ consignment. 3. Describe what you believe might be the progressive discipline steps outlined in the warning letter sent to unfriendly Safeway clerks? Ans. The concept of the progressive discipline elevates the steps form letting know the curtness of the respective unfriendly employee individually, and then increasingly enforce the degree of the punishment like officially state the undesirable behavior of the employee, then warning the employee in form of a letter with all negative evaluations.Considering the case study the letter must state all the previous warnings to the unfriendly employee, and then warn the employee that continual curtness leads to suspension without pay and may lead to dismissal for unchanged unfriendliness. 4. What perceptual errors did the customers make? Ans. In accordance to the case study the questions gives ideas regarding the issue of the false judgment. As stated in the case the male customers anticipated the positive reinforcements from the supermarket employees as acts of flirtation.This relates the concept of the Halo effect where the appearance of the employees and their positive behavior triggered the false judgment. The basic idea formation of the first impression is totally based on the internal causes of individual behavior. In another instance stated in that case, one shopper followed a female employee to the car in a false disposition. This may lead to the negative reinforcements form the employees and can effect the other customers. 5. What forms of operant conditioning did Safeway use? Ans.The case study relating to the operant conditions inclines to the policies of the supermarket, one such is â€Å"superior service† policy. The concept states that the reaction provided initially, gets back. It is also called Law of effect. The principle of any customer service is providing best customer service. In the case study the Safeway supermarket also provides it employees a positive reinforcements strategies like maintaining the eye contact for three seconds, smile at customers, anticipating the customers needs. It a lso maintains undercover shoppers to ensure the employees are working properly.There is a â€Å"Smiling school† that helps the employees in understanding the operant conditioning and outcome from it. This can be drawn from its spokesperson that their concentration is not on discipline but on treating customers the best way. 6. What characteristics would a Safeway clerk need in order to be successful in complying with Safeway's policy? Ans. Abiding to the policies of the Safeway supermarket, that employees should maintain smiling face and should have at least three seconds of eye contact. There should be certain point in the causalities of the individual behavior where one can personally realize awkwardness beyond that.Maintaining three seconds of eye contact may be offensive for some of the customers and smiling for that long may trigger false impulses in some of them. These external issues of the behaviors of the shoppers are not in the hands of the employee. As stated first in the case study, smiling and eye contact are basic manners in any customer care services. It is individual realization that smiling and maintaining eye should be at a level that does not cause any false perceptions on the shoppers. In that way an employee may successfully sustain in customer services field with out encountering a surly experiences.

Pakistan Telecommunication Company

Despite having established a network of enormous ize, PTCL workings and policies have attracted regular criticism from other smaller operators and the civil society of Pakistan. Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation (PTC) took over operations and functions from Pakistan Telephone and Telegraph Department under Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation Act 1991. This coincided with the Government's competitive policy, encouraging private sector participation and, lately, data communication services.Pursuing a progressive policy, the Government in 1991, announced its plans to privatizePTCL, and in 1994 issued six illion vouchers exchangeable into 600 million shares of the would-be PTCL in two separate placements. Each had a par value of Rs. 10 per share. These vouchers were converted into PTCL shares in mid-1996. In 1995, Pakistan Telecommunication (Reorganization) Ordinance formed the basis for PTCL monopoly over basic telephony in the country. The provisions of the Ordinance were lent permanence in October 1996 through Pakistan Telecommunication (Reorganization) Act.The same year, Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited was formed and listed on all stock exchanges of Pakistan PTCL launched its mobile and data services subsidiaries in 001 by the name of Ufone and PakNet respectively. None of the brands made it to the top slots in the respective competitions. Lately, however, Ufone had increased its market share in the cellular sector. The PakNet brand has effectively dissolved over the period of time. Recent DSL services launched by PTCL reflects this by the introduction of a new brand name and operation of the service being directly supervised by PTCL.Mission To achieve our vision by having: An organizational environment that fosters professionalism, motivation and quality An environment that is cost effective and quality conscious Services that are based on the most optimum technology â€Å"Quality† and â€Å"Time† conscious customer service Sus tained growth in earnings and profitability Core Values Professional Integrity Teamwork Customer Satisfaction Loyalty to the Company Chapter 2. Products of company Products of Company: List of products or services: 1. PTCL smart tv 3. International Calls 4. Local calls 5. Broadband Wireless 6. Easy learning 7.Ip connect 8. Audio conferencing 9. Business DSL 10. Broad band Pakistan 11. VMS 12. Calling Cards 13. PTCL Plus 14. Vfone 15. 36 16. Evo wingle 9. 3Mbps 17. Evo Moblie 18. Ufone Mobile 19. Ufone Sims Chapter 3. Porter's Five forces model Five forces looks at five key areas namely threat of new entry, power of buyers, power of suppliers, threat of substitutes, and competitive rivalry. Threat of New Entry As government of Pakistan is showing liberalism in case oftelecommunication sector and opened its policies to award new licensees to new mobile service providers so threat of new entry is high. ? As set-up cost is in billions of dollars so in this case threat of new entry is lo w, but there are companies who are working to achieve licenses and approaching PTA to know terms and conditions for this. ? As for this business companies need a well established distributions and franchises network so threat of new entrant is high in this case. Bargaining Power of Buyers Power of buyer is high in telecommunication sector. There are six market players and players are offering different packages at different prices and a situation of price war is running.Buyers have a power to buy any package which is suited to them. Cost of switching from one company package to other company package is low. Hence, power of buyers is high. Bargaining Power of Suppliers hat numbers of suppliers are few in the market but they are competing in the market to make agreements with mobile service providers. Threat of Substitute Products Government also gave so many land lines and wireless local loop licenses to different companies like PTCL wireless local loop, GO CDMA etc. hese services in future will be like mobile phone services like they are planning to offer services a lot but currently they are offering SMS and CLI services to their customers. Rivalry among Competing Firms in Industry Currently there are six market players but in future they will be eight and nine oe ven more. Thuraya satellite service is offering subscribers freedom of mobility and uninterrupted service. Thuraya's satellite technology supplements of existing mobile service providers, overcoming the challenges of large geographical areas and insurmountable terrain. ut will also generate new revenue streams for future growth. Thecompany also continued to invest in infrastructure development andaddition of network capacity with a view to enhance services and toexpand its reach across the country. SWOT ANALYSISStrengths Largest operational network and infrastructure within ICT(lnformation ; Communication Technologies) segment. .An integrated Monopoly. Market leadership in Local loop, Wireless local loop (WLL) andfixed telephony. PTCL (Ufone) is market challenger in GSM segment. Ufone is performing well though Warid and Telenor are toughcompetitors.PTCL, Ufone's profitability increased by 49. 2percent to Rs 977 million in 1 H/FY07 as compared to Rs 655million in the corresponding period last. Competitors still depend on PTCL network either directly orindirectly. Experienced Telecom Resources. Weakness Not been able to nurture its growth around customerservices oriented strategy. Paknet, the internet service provider arm of PTCL continuesto incur losses due to poor management and lack of network optimization. PTCL-V, the fixed wireless phone service is poor. Over employment & low productivity. Slow decision making including external interferences.Corporate culture akin to government departments Chaper. 5. PEST Analyts A PEST analysis is an analysis of the external macro-environment that affects all firms. P. E. S. T. is an abbreviation for the Political, Economic, Social, and T echnological factors of the external macro-environment. Such external factors usually are beyond he firm's control and sometimes present themselves as threats. For this reason, some say that â€Å"PEST† is an appropriate term for these factors. Many macro- environmental factors are country-specific and a PEST analysis will need to be performed for all countries of interest.The following are examples of some of the 0 Economic O social 0 Technological 1. Political Analysis:- Political factors are those which are directly controlled by the political parties and Government they could be able to influence directly in any situation or in any industry. So they create a major impact on any industry. Factors that Creating Threats: Political instability: In Pakistan Political environment are not stable that is the major threat for telecommunication industry because no one knows at what time Government will change and with the change of government policies will also change.Risk of marti al law: In Pakistan Risk of martial Law is always threat for all the industries and in the dictatorship they could not be able to explore themselves and do not grow as they could be. Terrorism: Terrorism is the Major problem that is facing Pakistan in now a days that is the most crucial factor that is hurdle in the growing in the telecommunication sector because o one knows about the terrorist activities. Pricing regulations: In Pakistan government dictates the pricing regulations so that influence the smooth working of the telecommunication industry.Rapid change in Regulations: In Pakistan Government is changing the policies very rapidly so that creates instability. Factors Creating Opportunities: Industrial safety regulations: Now the government of Pakistan is trying to give the maximum Protection to this sector and passing number of Laws to make it more safe and stable. Development of PTA: Government of Pakistan had developed Pakistan telecommunication Authority (PTA) o that help s in the establishing Business in Pakistan in more efficient manner.Investor Friendly Environment: Government is trying to provide investor friendly environment to give the more benefit to the investors and give them maximum safety. 2. Economic Analysis:- Economic factors are directly controlled and influenced by the financial institutions like State Bank of Pakistan (SBP). So they help the industry in giving economic soundness and provide financial aids to survive in the time of crises. ? Factors that Creating Threats: In Pakistan Although an proper Institution for telecommunication sector working PTA) but Government is influencing the working of that department and imposing the policies made by politicians. Overall economic conditions are not very sound: Over all economic conditions are not very good for any industry because rate of inflation is increasing day by day and value of currency is going down which causing increase in the value of loan payable that is another major threa t for telecommunication industry.Efficiency of financial market is not so Good: In Pakistan all the financial institutions are controlled by government rather then the head of financial Institution State Bank of Pakistan (SBP). Rate of interest is increasing day by day it is approximately 21% which is higher then any country in the world so it makes impossible for the telecommunication industry to take loan facility. Country risk of Pakistan goes to 3: Risk rate of economy of Pakistan goes to 3 out of 5 that is the alarming situation for the Pakistan as well as all the industries of Pakistan.Currently government has increased the taxes : Currently government has increased the taxes on the telecommunication sector so that reduces the income of the telecommunication sector some of the examples of that are given below etc†¦ Pre-paid customers were charged 10 per cent withholding tax on every new load, which was deducted in advance 0 With 15 per cent sales tax on every call increas ed the sales tax from 15 per cent to 21 percent for mobile users. Foreign Direct Investment: During 2010 telecommunication sector attracted US $ 142. 7 million FDI which was 26. % of the total FDI in the country during this period. So government is trying to give maximum benefit to the telecommunication industry. Lowest Labor Rates in the world:During the quarter ending December 2009, telecom sector Labor Cost of Pakistan is ery Low as Compared to other Countries so that is also an opportunity for the Telecommunication sector. Fastest Growing Industry in the Pakistan: Telecommunication industry is the fastest growing industry in the Pakistan that shows that investment is quite comfortable in telecommunication sector. . Social Analysis:- are working if they try to dictate the social factors that create the threats to that industry and if they work with in the social norms then social factors become the key to success. Factors that Creating Opportunities: The Pakistani people are more social: Pakistani people are more social so they have family system and they want to remain in contact with other through any means so that is the opportunity for telecommunication sector to capture the feelings of the people.Celebrate lot of festivals like: Pakistani people celebrate a lot of festivals on that occasion they try to make contact to their all family members and other at any cost these occasions are Jashn-e- Saharan, Eid Celebrations and other cultural festivals. They create the lot of opportunities for telecommunication industry so they make calls to their relatives articularly on that festivals. Population is increasing Rapidly: The total population of Pakistan is approximately 169,248,500. The population is increasing rapidly which increase the number of cellular usage and help in projecting high profits. ? Factors Creating Threats: Un educated People: Low Educated people could not be able to understand the language of telecommunication (ZEM 1. 0, ZEM 2. 0 etc). Th at create misunderstanding and create threat about the particular package. Corruption: Corruption is the major threat for any industry in the Pakistan that is because people re unaware and un educated but now these telecommunication companies are working on that like†¦. {Khamoshi Ka Boycott} (Djutce) O KRO MUMKIN (Telenor) These are all campaign to educate people and develop the positive behavior in that social culture.Destroying Cultural norms: Although these companies are bringing positive change in the society but also destroying the social culture and providing the negative attitude to the young generation of the country by providing late night services that is affecting the 4. Technological Analysis:- Technology is the most known word in the modern world so any advancement in the technology affects the industry if industry settles them accordingly then it opens lot of doors of success and achievement if they do not respond toward the advancement then that particular compan y goes into the darkness.Technology is changing the attitudes and behavior: Telecommunication technology id changing the behavior of the people and providing them opportunities to get the bright future. Impact on cost structure: Due to latest technology the cost of telecommunication industry is decreasing and hey are giving lowest rates to the peoples to remain in contact with relatives and with heir family. Introduction Of CDMA technology: Introduction of CDMA (CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access. )Technology in the mobile Sims is also creating the Opportunities for the telecommunication industry.This technology gives less radiation then GSM technology. 3G mobile technology: The latest technology of 36 mobile communications has been earmarked and PTA will soon be inviting applications for 36 spectrum auction. This technology will increase operating capacity and revenues by using HSPA technology. Focus on increasing the Coverage: The current focus of the telecommunication industry is on increasing the coverage rather then up gradation of the systems they should up grade the systems to meet the requirement of the modern world.Conclusion: The number of macro-environmental factors is virtually unlimited. In practice, the firm must monitor those factors that influence its industry. Even so, it may be difficult to forecast future trends with an acceptable level of accuracy. In this regard, the firm may turn to scenario planning techniques to deal with high levels of uncertainty in important macro-environmental variables

An Unexpected Question About You

An Unexpected Question About You An Unexpected Question About You An Unexpected Question About You By Maeve Maddox A reader has been having a discussion with a friend about which of the following is the right grammar You was..or You were†¦ The fact that this question can be the subject of discussion in an age of free public education suggests either that basic standard grammar is not being taught effectively in the schools, or that pronouns are going to continue to go their own way as they have always done. Add the bombardment of ungrammatical popular culture to the current of normal linguistic change, and grammatical certainties as apparently fundamental as you were are called into question. Take, for example, these lyrics from a song sung by Dean Martin and Peggy Lee: (PL) If you were to ask me who the sweetest one I knew was Id say you was (DM) If you were to ask me who my favorite point of view was Id say you was Any construction, heard often enough, is going to begin to sound right to the speakers who hear it. In the case of you, the situation is muddied by the fact that the pronoun you is used with either a singular or a plural antecedent. You began as a plural pronoun. Its singular counterpart was thou. For social and historical reasons the form thou dropped out of English with the result that plural you now does the work of singular thou. Its not illogical to want to put a singular verb with a subject that stands for one person. In the case of you, however, its ungrammatical in standard English. To answer the readers question: You were is the correct standard form. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Good At, Good In, and Good With60 Synonyms for â€Å"Trip†How to Punctuate Introductory Phrases

Cold War Communism essays

Cold War Communism essays Considering the fall of Cold War communism and other notable events of the second half of the 20th century, C. Wright Mills The Power Elite still seems to holds up on several points as read in the year 2002. Charles Mills died in 1962 at the age of 46 as a distinguished professor of sociology. He was a pragmatist and he was always concerned with real world problems. His writing style and attitude seems somewhat bitter today but I suppose the truth as he saw it was pretty dismal. In the excerpt from the book, he comes to a seemingly abrupt logical conclusion that there is no large-scale conspiracy by the power elite of America. In the unabridged version of The Power Elite he probably develops the reasoning more methodically. I believe his conclusion is correct, however I think it would have been interesting to get his take on events such as the Kennedy assassination - if he had only lived to see it and the contradictory ballistic evidence such as the Zapruder documentary film. I t hink he may have viewed the Kennedy assasination as an attempt by the military industrial complex to quell a politically popular leader who overstepped his bounds on various social issues of the day. In the very first paragraph Mills makes his opinion and frustration clear as men and women of the mass society . . . are without power. Right away it puts me in the mind of 1980s Berkeley Marxists and their resentment of capitalism and American party politics. This type of writing is poignant in its humanism but a bit dated especially by 21st Century writing styles. His revulsion toward socio-economic strata and capitalist inequity reveal his idealism. His careful analysis of social and political influence from the 1950s, I believe, holds true today: [celebrities] . . . do often have the power to distract the attention of the public or afford sensations to the masses . . . to gain the ear of those who do occupy positions of power.&...

Hetaira, the Greek Courtesans

Hetaira, the Greek Courtesans Hetaira- or  hetaera- is the ancient Greek word for a type of highly skilled prostitute or courtesan. The daughters and wives of Athenian citizens were sheltered from men and most serious education at least partly in order to assure their suitability as citizen wives. Adult female companionship at drinking parties (the famous symposium) could be supplied by a high priced prostitute- or hetaira. Such women might be accomplished musicians, rich, well-educated, and agreeable companions. Aspasia of Miletus Pericles- one of the most important leaders of his time- had a mistress named Aspasia of Miletus. Due to her status as a  foreigner, she may have been doomed to become a hetaira. At the time, those who were not native citizens of Athens were unable to marry Athenian citizens. Her life was likely the richer for it, however. Erotic Entertainers Other hetairai (hetairai is a plural form of hetaira) provided funds for civic improvements. According to an article from the Perseus Digital Library titled,  The Representation Of Prostitutes Versus Respectable Women On Ancient Greek Vases: These women were essentially sexual entertainers and often had artistic skills. Hetairai had physical beauty but also had intellectual training and possessed artistic talents; attributes that made them more entertaining companions to Athenian men at parties than their legitimate wives.- Perseus Digital Library Daughters of DemeteronHetaira According to Daughters of Demeter, women in Athens, though not trained in athletics, seem nevertheless to have had opportunities for sport and exercise. They go on to say  that the wealthy learned to read and gathered in private homes to share music and poetry.

Critically evaluate the impact of tourism on local host Essay

Critically evaluate the impact of tourism on local host communities,refer to the texts in your sources booklet as well as to cas - Essay Example Goodwin notes that a number of countries in Africa like Gambia and Tanzania have benefited from tourism foreign exchange. In contrast, according to Goodwin (2008) tourism may not provide a good source of foreign exchange earnings for countries with little or no international trade. Such countries cannot take tourism as the major source of foreign exchange. Although† The biggest beneficiaries of foreign exchange are the low income ones in which tourism play a role in poverty reduction† (Archer et all, 2005:10) earnings may be affected. When there disasters and terrorism strikes, foreign exchange earnings dwindle in for example the case of Hurricane Gilbert in 1995 in Jamaica, Tsunami in Japan in 2011 and Terrorism in the United States in 2001. However, the countries may also benefit even in disasters and terrorism activities. Some people are very eager to go to witness the events and activities. In this case, they play a role in tourism though their reasons may not be well understood. After Tsunami in 2011, many journalists and other people went to Japan to witness and report on the happenings there. This may not be taken as tourism but to some extent it is. Tourism may play an important role in the development of various places, according to (Archer et all, 2005) local communities near tourist attraction sites find it their responsibility to make the region better through infrastructure development and provision of important facilities. Although tourists spend some money in the host countries, economic experts argue that most of the tourist expenditures do not directly benefit the country being visited. According to Goodwin, this could be the reason why countries like Gambia, Tanzania and Caribbean countries have not recorded growth and development as it would have been expected. This is refutable according to (Goodwin, 2008), who claims there are still no good enough examples of initiatives with clear demonstrable impacts from tourism. There are no case studies which demonstrate the mainstreaming of tourism and poverty reduction strategies. According to (Scheyvens, 2003), It is estimated that more than 80% of the tourist expenditures, are on provision of services in other countries other than the host countries. For example, according to (Archer et all, 2005) when individuals are traveling to other countries, they are likely to use airline companies that are in their home countries, the money paid goes to the home country rather than the host country. Some tourists may also make purchases in their home countries before they go to the host countries. However, tourism creates employment for community in different countries; local people are employed in the hotels and resorts while others sell local products to the tourist. This is experienced in the Gambia, Tanzania and other African countries that rely on tourism a lot. This has played a role in improving the lives of the society and modernization. At the same time, there are some jurisdictions that depend on tourism a lot. â€Å"Some countries in Africa and the Caribbean region depend a lot on tourism, which may contribute up to a third of the

Use only english in U.S Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Use only english in U.S - Essay Example se group of people, the action of making English the only language to be officially used in the United States would only turn immigrants against native English speakers. Although forcing new immigrants to only use English would help them adapt to American culture better, it would also take away from their own culture. Many speakers of other languages have no use to learn English because they can get by with speaking their own language. This then weakens American culture because the culture is splintered off in many different directions. However, America has always embraced new immigrants and what they have to offer this country, so taking away their unique culture does not help improve America. In fact, it takes away from their culture and would only seek to serve Americans who have already lived here. Despite the fact that the melting pot of cultures in American would be united if English became the official language, forcing people to use a language that they are not comfortable with would only make them resent the United States and the English language. The guest editorial in the Los Angeles Times refers to a bill sponsored by the Republican representative for Iowa, Steve King, who says that â€Å"English is a unifying force in a multiethnic, multireligious democracy† (â€Å"English Only? Press ‘no’† 2011). It cannot be denied that English binds the United States together. However, one of the greatest things about American society is the freedom to choose, and making immigrants speak English goes against this and the constitution. Also, according to the editorial citizens with weak English skills would struggle to find a place in society (â€Å"English Only? Press ‘no’† 2011). Making English the official language of the United States would have its benefits, but more importantly it would turn new immigrants off American culture. American has always been a nation of immigrants and has embraced them for what they bring to the table, so it makes no sense to

Change Resistance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Change Resistance - Essay Example These researchers underline that in such cuntries as Pland and Russia resistance t change is influenced by cultural traditins and unique values. Mst individuals prefer wrking life t prceed accrding t accustmed nrms. Changing the nrms brings disruptin, t say the least, and there is n guarantee that the visin f the future will find favr with thse n whm it is t be impsed. Different authrs have different views and understanding f resistance t change, its causes and management techniques. Shared values act as a kind f infrmal cntrl system that tells peple what is expected f them. In ding s, values can be mre r less pervasive in the sense f being shared by many r a few, and strng in the sense f being felt mre r less intensively (characterizing crprate cultures will be discussed again later in this chapter). Pervasive and strng values may affect perfrmance psitively by increasing dedicatin and pinting at what shuld be given extrardinary attentin. Hwever, pervasive and strng values can als h ave a negative effect: they may be incnsistent, may becme bslescent and/r may lead t a massive resistance t change, even if change is needed. Burnes (2000), Carnall (1992) and Cch and French (1998) state that the prblem with any planned change in Rmania, the Czech Republic and Slvak Republic has been planned and therefre managers wh have initiated the change largely define the expected utcmes befrehand. Similar t ther Pst-Sviet Unin cuntries, in Rmania, the Czech Republic and Slvak Republic natinal values and traditins are imprtant in day-t-day business. What brings values t life, hwever, is the awareness f everyne in the rganizatin f them and why they are imprtant. Values alne are nt enugh, it is the extensive sharing f them that makes a difference. Believing that peple are a cmpany's greatest resurce and acting accrdingly means, amng ther things, t keep in mind the implicit, but pwerful, frce f values shared by the members f the rganizatin f a cmpany (which in turn shape the behavir f its individuals and grups) and t realize that managing peple is nt thrugh (r at least nt directly thrugh) mems frm budget meetings r cmpu ter reprts, but thrugh the subtle cues f a culture. Emplyees resists changes because they are afraid f unknwn and new circumstances. Similar t previus researchers, Cllins (1998) and Chnk (2006) underline that the human being is capable f cmplying in terms f behavirs while withhlding cmmitment lng term. These researchers fund that EU wrkfrce represents a unique envirnment marked by lw mtivatin and lw prductivity levels. In all EU acceding cuntries, resistance t change is a natural prcess influenced by fear t lse jbs and surce f incme. When faced with such massive change and cultural resistance , a cmpany shuld ask itself if it is really necessary t change many f the fundamental rganizatinal factrs, and if the changes can be made with any real expectatin that they will be acceptable and successful. If the answer is 'n', the cmpany shuld seriusly recnsider and refrmulate its strategic plan. Hwever, the difference between suppsedly unavidable failure (e.g. Russia) and excessive cst depends, accrding t the structuralists, largely n the degree f mnplizatin f the ecnmy. As a result, the

Structure paper of presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Structure paper of presentation - Essay Example At a sore of 30 China features a low score on uncertainty shunning. Truth could also be relative although within the immediate social circles theres concern for Truth with a capital T and rules (but not essentially laws) abound. At a score of twenty China could be a extremely collectivist culture wherever individuals act within the interests of the cluster and not essentially of themselves. In-group considerations have an effect on hiring and promotions with nearer in-groups (such as family) are becoming discriminatory treatment. Worker commitment to the organization (but not essentially to the folks within the organization) is low. Whereas relationships with colleagues are cooperative for in-groups theyre cold or maybe hostile to out-groups. Personal relationships prevail over task and company. At sixty six China could be a masculine society –success minded and driven. The necessity to make sure success may be exemplified by the actual fact that a lot of Chinese can sacrifice family and leisure priorities to work. People are influenced by formal authority and sanctions and are normally optimistic regarding people’s capability for leadership and initiative. Individuals must not have aspirations exceeding their rank. The justice system ought to even have effective mechanisms for reducing, or altogether eliminating, scoundrel and corrupt parts of enforcement agencies. (Hedging against currency risk will add tier of safety to your offshore investments (Charles, 2002). Traditions are often custom-made to suit new conditions. Chinese folks acknowledge that government is by men instead of as within the Low LTO countries by an external influence like God or the law. Thinking ways in which specialize in the total or no confidence, contrastive with low LTO countries that suppose in probabilistic ways. There is abundant labour in

Haemato-oncology practice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Haemato-oncology practice - Assignment Example Describe the pathology of severe sepsis and providing a clear rationale, discuss the immediate management of severe sepsis Sepsis and septic shock occur as a result of complex interaction between the pathogenic agent and the immune system of the host. During any localized infection, the normal physiologic response includes host defense activation resulting in influx of the monocytes and activated neutrophils, local vasodilation, release of inflammatory mediators, increased permeability of the endothelium and activation of coagulation pathways. In septic shock, these mechanisms further proceed to diffuse endothelial disruption, increased vascular permeability, thrombosis of end-organ capillaries and vasodilation. Damage to the endothelium further leads to activation of coagulation and inflammatory cascades leading to positive feedback loop which further causes end-organ and endothelial damage (Pinsky, 2011). The pathogenic agents induce exaggerated systemic inflammatory response. Due to systemic inflammatory response, imbalance of homeostasis occurs leading to disseminated intravascular coagulation, microthrombosis, organ dysfunction and even death(Pinsky, 2011). The first step in the management of shock is to evaluate and stabilize airway, breathing and circulation. This includes intubation and mechanical ventilation if necessary. 100% oxygen must be given at a high flow rate in all cases. The saturations and other vital signs must be monitored continuously using cardio-respiratory monitor. To improve circulation, a good intravenous access must be secured. If it is difficult to access peripheral lines, central venous veins or intra-osseous lines must be accessed. Intravenous fluids and if necessary, vasopressors and cardiac ionotropic agents must be given. The intravenous fluids used for resuscitation are crystalloids like normal saline and Ringer's lactate. The initial dose given is 20ml per kg as bolus over 5 minutes. This dose may be repeated if required. Th ereafter, the fluids are given based on the maintenance requirements and losses. Appropriate intravenous antibiotics must be started. Initial laboratory work-up includes complete blood counts, serum electrolytes, renal parameters, liver function tests, chest radiography and arterial blood gas analysis. Calcium, sodium bicarbonate and steroids are given as required. The management of shock is tailored to the cause and the stage of shock. In the irreversible stage, the cellular and tissue injuries cannot be reversed despite hemodynamic correction. There is widespread cellular injury as a result of lysosomal leakage. The damage is evident in organs like brain, heart, kidneys, adrenals and gastrointestinal tract. In the heart, nitric oxide synthesis occurs and myocardial contractile function worsens. There may be wide-spread coagulation necrosis, subendocardial haemorrhage or contraction band necrosis (Claessens and Dhainaut, 2007). Structured Reflection Reflective practice is essential to clinical practice and provides a retrospective look at current practice and questions the reason for doing so. It is a good way of learning and it enables the practitioner to assess, understand and learn through their experiences (Burns and Grove 1997). In the following assignment, I shall discuss about a patient with cancer related septic shock based on Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle. This is because, Gibbs Reflective Cycle is a straight

Structure paper of presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Structure paper of presentation - Essay Example At a sore of 30 China features a low score on uncertainty shunning. Truth could also be relative although within the immediate social circles theres concern for Truth with a capital T and rules (but not essentially laws) abound. At a score of twenty China could be a extremely collectivist culture wherever individuals act within the interests of the cluster and not essentially of themselves. In-group considerations have an effect on hiring and promotions with nearer in-groups (such as family) are becoming discriminatory treatment. Worker commitment to the organization (but not essentially to the folks within the organization) is low. Whereas relationships with colleagues are cooperative for in-groups theyre cold or maybe hostile to out-groups. Personal relationships prevail over task and company. At sixty six China could be a masculine society –success minded and driven. The necessity to make sure success may be exemplified by the actual fact that a lot of Chinese can sacrifice family and leisure priorities to work. People are influenced by formal authority and sanctions and are normally optimistic regarding people’s capability for leadership and initiative. Individuals must not have aspirations exceeding their rank. The justice system ought to even have effective mechanisms for reducing, or altogether eliminating, scoundrel and corrupt parts of enforcement agencies. (Hedging against currency risk will add tier of safety to your offshore investments (Charles, 2002). Traditions are often custom-made to suit new conditions. Chinese folks acknowledge that government is by men instead of as within the Low LTO countries by an external influence like God or the law. Thinking ways in which specialize in the total or no confidence, contrastive with low LTO countries that suppose in probabilistic ways. There is abundant labour in

Vitamin A and skin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Vitamin A and skin - Essay Example While some claims have some rationale and are based on adequate research, it must be accepted that some of these claims are quite spurious with lack of adequate and extensive evidence from research before them being recommended to be used (Weiss et al., 1988). In this assignment one such claim published in a reputed newspaper will be critically examined whether local dermal application of vitamin A could be recommended to delay or reverse aging of the skin, whether it is intrinsic or extrinsic aging. The report that will be examined here was published in Science Daily, May 22, 2007, issue with the heading "Vitamin A Helps Reduce Wrinkles Associated With Natural Skin Aging" which states essentially that there has been research which supports a claim that local application of vitamin A to the skin apparently improves the wrinkled appearance of the skin associated with natural aging. This claim has been correlated to the findings from research that locally applied vitamin A may promote repair of these age wrinkles through production of "skin building compounds". The claims can be quoted here. The main claim was "Topical retinol improves fine wrinkles associated with natural aging" and to support this, in this report there are two other claims which point to the scientific basis of the claim, which are "Significant induction of glycosaminglycan, which is known to retain substantial water, and increased collagen production are most likely responsible for wrinkle effacement" and "With greater skin matrix synthesis [production of compounds that form skin], retinol-treated aged skin is more likely to withstand skin injury and ulcer formation along with improved appearance" (JAMA and Archives Journals, 2007, May 22). Identical reports supporting these claims also appeared in the Internet version of Cosmetics Design (Pitman, 2007). Scientific Evidence for the Claim The authors of this media report bases on a scientific journal article published in the Archive of Dermatology from the American Medical Association. For the purpose of better critical analysis of the rationale behind such claims, this writer has accessed that article by Kafi et al. (2007). The findings from that critical review will be presented in a subsequent section of this assignment. However, it appears from this report that the reporter in this media report utilizes quotation from that article to provide the lay reader a grasp of scientific rationale behind such claim. In the beginning of the report, the two different forms of aging of skin have been discussed. It is well known that age-associated wrinkles and brown spots appear prominently in the exposed skin, and although sun exposure has been related to aging through a less dramatic identical process, the intrinsic aging process in the skin that occurs naturally causes the skin to lose its appearance due to changes in its t exture. The natural aging renders the skin "thinner, laxer and more finely wrinkled", more prominent in specific areas such as upper inner arm (JAMA and Archives Journals, 2007, May 22). Histologically, this can be correlated to a reduced synthesis of collagens and elastic tissues in the

The Sense in Organisational Learning, Knowing and Sense making Essay Example for Free

The Sense in Organisational Learning, Knowing and Sense making Essay Experience in Learning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Learning is the acquisition of knowledge, ideas, concepts, experience and any other kind of element that can be acquired. Learning is the retention of knowledge. It is also a skill such as using tools, creating crafts or simply driving a car. Learning involves practice. Practice is a way of retaining learning. But most of all, learning is a change in behaviour.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As far as I could remember, I learned to walk, speak and do many types of activities in the house by the acquisition of these knowledge and experiences. Either I would learn by following and mimicking gestures that the elder people would show me or I would engage into the experience of the concept. For example, I learned not to run fast down the stairs because one time that I did, I fell three flights and bumped my head. I learned how to remember the names of many relatives by repeatedly seeing them in family gatherings. Conversing with these people required me to utter their names and so that helped me remember their names and how I was related to them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As I entered formal learning, other tools where available for me to increase knowledge and experience. Reading books was a way to learn how to know things. Before operating machines such as household appliances or laboratory machines, it is imperative to read instruction manuals so that I could transform myself into someone who did not know how to operate the machine into someone who knew how. And therefore there was a definite change in behaviour because of this. Learning things on your own is different when learning inside an organization. Experience in Participating in an Organization   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are two general kinds of participants in an organization or in a group endeavour. One can either be an active or a passive participant. Active participation involves doing different roles at different times depending on the need of the organization. In group discussions for example, one can be an initiator, regulator, informer, supporter or an evaluator. All these roles must be found in the whole group embodied by its participants in order for the group to develop and evolve its visions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another insight I gathered from participating in organizations is that one can learn fully if one keeps an open mind and heart. Each participant has his unique person moulded from a definitive history. Each person has his own ideas and learning style. If participants do not cooperate in the organizations, it will be harder to achieve objectives. Sometimes, participating in an organization requires one to compromise some comfort zones. There will be moments when a co-participants’ idea does not match your own. Sometimes, this will be cause of conflict. However, after the exchange and debate on the idea, conflict is soon resolved. Even at times when breakdown of the organization occurs, this will also signify that the conflict was resolved.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I cannot be half part of an organization. Participation in an organization must be whole for it to be worthwhile. Being a part of an organization means adhering to its vision, mission and goals. If a person cannot embrace the organization’s objectives, then his participation will be futile. From what I observed, when organizations have members that are half believers of the organization’s goals, their participation in the organization are half done as well. Their motivations to act on the organization’s needs are also superficial and the tendency to protect one’s self interest over the group’s interest is stronger. Four Learning Theories   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Learning whether it involves an individual or a group is possible. Four theories of learning guide many teachers, managers and leaders into helping their constituents acquire knowledge and experience. The behaviourists, cognitive, humanist and situational orientation of learning are four theories that have been developed in the field of learning. The Behaviourist theory developed by practitioners of psychology believes that a person learns according to how the environment gives it instructions. Experimental procedures have been used to study behaviour in this discourse.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Cognitive orientation does not believe so. Scholars of the cognitive theory believe that the individual learns due to its mental abilities. The process of knowing or â€Å"cognition† was the one leading the act of learning therefore learning relied much on an individual’s thinking capacity. The Humanist approach followed a certain process of growth patterned from human growth. Learning for these theorists involves a person’s evolution of needs that Maslow and Rogers have defined. The Situational orientation in learning relies on the involvement of a person to different community events and practices. Through individual’s participation to these frameworks, learning is experienced and thereby achieved. The Organization’s capability of learning, sensing and knowing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The individuals that constitute the organization bring all their learning abilities into the organization thereby helping the organization achieve goals. When organizations are able to achieve their goals, learning, sense making and knowledge achieved is not only claimed by each participant in the organization but the organization as a single entity as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Organizational knowing creates three kinds of knowledge. Tacit knowledge is found the experience and expertise of participants. Explicit knowledge is visualized as rules and routines that participants undergo. Cultural knowledge can be found in the organization’s assumptions, beliefs and values. The ‘corporate culture’ idiom has been coined due to the effort to package cultural knowledge of the organization so that it can be taught to employees. New knowledge is achieved by sharing and integrating these three types of knowledge. With new knowledge, the organization has the capacity to act on decisions that help the organization transform their potentials. Although new alternatives are achieved, new uncertainties are also acquired but essential to the organization’s ability to form new knowledge is the capacity of the organization to evolve facing challenges of its industry and ever changing environment. â€Å"The central argument is that any organization is the way it runs through the processes of organizing   This means that we must define organization in terms of organizing.   Organizing consists of the resolving of equivocality in an enacted environment by means of interlocked behaviors embedded in conditionally related processes. To summarize these components in a less terse manner, organizing is directed toward information processing in general, and more specifically, toward removing equivocality from informational inputs.† (Weick 1979:90-91)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Besides knowledge making, the organization also goes through the process of sense making. If decision making leads to decisions, sense making leads to the sense of the organizations’ existence of its decisions thereby breaking all kinds of elements that leads to ambiguity and confusion in the organizations’ processes. Sense making is essentially answering Weick’s question, â€Å"How can I know what I think until I see what I say?†. â€Å"In dealing with organizational issues, sense making requires us to look for explanations and answers in terms of how people see things rather than rather than structures or systems. Sense making suggests that organizational issues strategies, breakdowns, change, goals, plans, tasks, teams, and so on are not things that one can find out in the world or that exist in the organization. Rather, their source is peoples way of thinking.† (Universiteit Twente, 2004)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sense making is a better tool in arriving at information for use in the workplace. Studies have proved that sense making has been successful in understanding deaf culture, in reflective thinking in the nursing practice, has been experienced in media education in classrooms with students, and proven beneficial for hard discourses such as sexism, racism and the like.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While Weick emphasize sense making in the retroactive context, Gioia and Mehra deemed the importance of prospective sense making as well. These two approaches further cement the invaluability of sense making in organizations. Each time that participants work towards a common goal, they are compelled to gather past knowledge, experience and facts, make sense out of it collaboratively to learn a new tool that will help the organization achieve their prospects that they envision in the future. Conceptualization of the future in organizations therefore is facilitated by sense making.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this light, sense making further becomes a strategic tool that helps organizations articulate their common visions which can be called prospective ‘sense-giving’ while the tools that helps organizations decipher differences in actions so the that their selection may work well for their group can be termed as retrospective â€Å"sense-discovering†. Furthermore, the notion of sense making being partly deliberate and part emergent makes it a powerful tool for organization management, leadership and organizational learning. At best, sense making is an on-going process much like what learning is. There is no limit to learning. The fact that man has yet to use 97% of his brain capacity, that there is much need for compassion in the world tells many scholars that there is much sense in the notion of sense-making. Summary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Learning is the ability that sets man apart from the rest of the animal kingdom. Although there is learning in other animal species, organizational learning has captured man’s ability to prove himself as an intelligent animal in the social context. When a person enters and organization, he sets himself as a member of a whole. As a participant of the whole, the individual synergizes his learning capacities, styles and objectives with other members of the whole. Learning of the individual found in the whole is made possible only if the organization is able to learn first.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With the learning tools of sense making, the organization is able to form new knowledge. The knowledge formed has characteristics not found in individual learning. The knowledge formed from sense making in organizations hold both retrospective and prospective senses of the organization as a whole. Elements that form this knowledge is derived from the collective behaviour, cognition, experience and growth patterns of each individual making the collective acquire its own behaviour, experience, growth pattern and intelligence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reflecting on my own learning capacities including development of my own senses, I can prepare myself as I become a part of an organization. Many people enter organizations thinking that they are social institutions fully inorganic. With further understanding of sense making, I have become fully aware that organizations are alive because not only do they reproduce (forming other sub organizations, become global organizations and multinationals), react to stimulus (such as currency fluctuations, technological breakthroughs), grows (such as increase in revenue, increase in employees), they also essentially learn, produce knowledge and ultimately try to make sense in this world. References: Argyris, C. and Schon, D. (1978) Organizational Learning: a theory of action perspective, Addison-Wesley, Reading MA. Brookfield, S. (1987) Developing Critical Thinkers: Challenging Adults to Explore Alternative Ways of Thinking and Acting, Open University Press, Milton Keynes. Burke, P. (2000) A Social History of Knowledge, Polity Press, Cambridge. Choo, Chun Wei (2006) The Knowing Organization: How organizations use information to construct meaning, create knowledge and make decisions, Oxford Uni. Press, Oxford. Dimitrov, V., Kuhn, L. and Woog, R. (2002) Complexity Thinking: A Catalyst for Creativity, School of Social Ecology and Lifelong Learning, UWS Printery. Easterby-Smith, M., Burgoyne, J. and Araujo, L. (1999) (Eds.). Organizational Learning and the Learning Organization: developments in theory and practice, London, Sage. Field, L. and Ford, B. (1995) Managing Organizational Learning: From Rhetoric to Reality, Longman, Melbourne. Fitzgerald, A. and Teal, G. (2003) Organizational Learning and Development Reader, Mc Graw-Hill, North Ryde. Fineman, S., Sims D.and Gabriel, Y. (2006) Organizing and Organizations, SAGE Pub., London. Flood, R.L. (1999) Rethinking the fifth discipline: Learning with the unknowable. Routledge, New York. Foley, G. (Ed) (1995) Understanding adult education and training, Allen Unwin, St Leonards, NSW Glassop, L. and Waddell, D. (2005) Managing the Family Business, Heidelberg Press, Heidelberg, Victoria. Harvard Business Review (2001) Organizational Learning. McGraw-Hill, New York. Lassey, P. (1998) Developing a Learning Organization, Kogan Page, London. Nonaka, I. (1991) The Knowledge Creating Company, Harvard Business School Press, Boston. Pearn, M., Roderick, C., Mulrooney, C. (1995) Learning organizations in practice. McGraw-Hill, London. Polanyi, M. (1962) Personal Knowing; Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Senge, P. (1992) Fifth Discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization, Random House, Milsons Point. Senge, P., Kleiner, A., Roberts, C., Ross, R., Smith, B. (1994). The fifth discipline fieldbook: Strategies and tools for building a learning organization, Double Bay Dell Publishing, New York. Senge, P. (1999) The dance of change: the challenges of sustaining momentum in learning organizations, Random House, Milsons Point. Shaw, P. (2002) Changing the Conversations in Organizations London: Routledge. Stacey, R., Griffin, D. and Shaw, P. (2000) Complexity and Management, London: Routledge. Stacey, R. (1996) Complexity and Creativity in Organizations, San Francisco: Berret-Koehler. Summers, J. and Smith, B. (2004) Communication Skills Handbook, Wiley and Sons, Milton, Qld. Wenger, E. (1998) Communities of Practice; Learning, Meaning and Identity, Cambridge University Press, N.Y. Weick, Karl E. 1979. The Social Psychology of Organizing. 2nd ed. Random House: New York. Weick, K. L. (1995) Sensemaking in Organizations, SAGE Pub., London Universiteit Twente. 2004. Sense Making. [http://www.tcw.utwente.nl/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20clusters/Organizational%20Communication/Sensemaking.doc/]

Diels-Alder Reactions Experiment

Diels-Alder Reactions Experiment Abstract A Diels Alder reaction was done during this experiment between anthracene and maleic anhydride via to yield 9, 10-dihydroanthracene-9, 10-ÃŽÂ ±, ÃŽÂ ²-succinic anhydride. Anthracene was the diene and maleic anhydride was the dienophile. Following recrystallization of the product using xylene and vacuum filtration, a percent yield of 39.9% was calculated for the recrystallized product that was collected. The yield may have been low due to several of the crystals being stuck to flask and not going into the funnel, and there may have been other sources of error. The percent recovery from recrystallization was 56%. The melting point of the recrystallized product was 260 264 °C, while the literature melting point of 262 264 °C. Comparing these values shows that the product was indeed and that recrystallization yielded a purer product. Upon examination of an infrared spectrum of the product and of anthracene and maleic anhydride spectra, the data showed that the product spectru m had similarities with both spectrums for anthracene and the maleic anhydride. This indicated that 9, 10-dihydroanthracene-9, 10-ÃŽÂ ±, ÃŽÂ ²-succinic anhydride was a product of both anthracene and maleic anhydride, and thus that the experiment was successful. Figure 1: Reaction scheme of 9,10 dihydroanthracene-9, 10- ÃŽÂ ±, ß-succinic anhydride Introduction The 1950, Otto Paul Hermann Diels and Kurt Alder were awarded Nobel Prize in chemistry for their work on the discovery and development of [4+2] cycloaddition reactions. Diels-Alder reactions are used to synthesize new carbon-carbon bonds, more commonly they form six-membered cyclic compounds. The Diels-Alder reaction is categorized as a pericyclic reaction, which involves the overlap of spatial orbitals as well as the hybridization and delocalization of the molecules.1 The Diels-Alder reaction is a member of a class of reactions called cycloadditions, which are under pericyclic reactions. Usually, the reaction involves three à Ã¢â€š ¬ bonds, two from the diene and one from the dienophile in the reaction to form a six-membered ring.Since this reaction involves four à Ã¢â€š ¬ electrons in the diene and two à Ã¢â€š ¬ electrons from the dienophile, it is sometimes referred to as a 4à Ã¢â€š ¬ + 2à Ã¢â€š ¬ cycloaddition. Various chiral auxiliaries and catalysts for asymmetric Die ls-Alder chemistry have been developed that allow the cycloaddition to proceed with very high levels of selectivity.3 The use of chiral Lewis acid catalysts and high pressure to enhance the selectivity and rate of these [4à Ã¢â€š ¬ + 2à Ã¢â€š ¬]-cycloadditions have further extended the scope of this remarkable reaction.1,2 Diels-Alder reactions are normally favored by electron donating groups on the diene and electron withdrawing groups on the dienophile. The diene must be able to achieve a s-cis conformation to generate the cis double bond in the cyclohexene product.3 Acyclic dienes may rotate around a single bond, but dienes locked in the s-trans conformation do not react.3 The purpose of this experiment is to yield 9,10-dihydroanthracene-9,10-ÃŽÂ ±, ÃŽÂ ²-succinic anhydride via a Diels Alder reaction between anthracene and maleic anhydride, as shown in figure 1. Anthracene acts as the diene and maleic anhydride functions as the dienophile. Xylene is used as a high boili ng temperature solvent so that the reaction will proceed quickly. A key characteristic of these reactions is their stereospecificity.3 Based on the interaction between a cyclic diene and a dienophile, different stereoisomeric compounds are formed. Stereochemistry represents a major component of the Diels-Alder reaction.2 Due to the interaction and arrangement between the conjugated diene and dienophile, an endo and exo product could be formed, which can characterize the reaction as stereo- and/or regioselective. Experimental Instruments used: The instruments that were used were the Thomas Hoover Melting, and a Nicolet IR 100 FT-IR were used in this experiment. Procedure and Observations: A reflux apparatus was assembled. Xylene (6 mL), anthracene (0.5 g), and maleic anhydride (0.25 g) were added to a round bottom flask (25 mL). The solution turned a yellow color when the reactants were added together. The reflux was then started, and once it began to boil, it was boiled for 30 minutes. A watch glass was weighed (35.55 g), which the product would later be transferred to. After reflux, the solution was cooled to room temperature, and then xylene (6 mL) was added to a test tube and laced into an ice bath. The solution appeared to be a golden yellow color after the reflux. Next, xylene (15 mL) was added to a beaker (50 mL), and then a vacuum apparatus was assembled. The solution was placed chilled for 5 minutes, and it became cloudy and crystals began to form. The solution was filtered through a Buchner funnel on the vacuum filtration. After the vacuum filtration, the crude product were light yellowish-brown crystals. Xylene (15 mL) was boiled , and was then added to the crude product, just enough to cover it, and was heated. The crystals began to dissolve the hot xylene was added, and as it dissolved the color became lighter and clearer. Once dissolved, the solution was then placed into an ice bath, after being cooled to room temperature. It was then put through the vacuum filtration; the recrystallized product was allowed to dry, and then weighed (0.28 g). Finally, the product was analyzed using IR and the melting point apparatus. References C. Oliver Kappe, S. Shaun Murphree, Albert Padwa, Synthetic applications of furan Diels-Alder chemistry, Tetrahedron, Volume 53, Issue 42, 1997, Pages 14179-14233, ISSN 0040-4020. Wade, L.G., Jr. The Diels-Alder Reaction of Anthracene and Maleic Anhydride (1998). Simek, Jan William., and L. G. Wade. Solutions Manual Organic Chemistry, Eighth Edition L.G. Wade, Jr. Boston: Pearson, Boston, 2013. Print.

Redemption in The Story of B Essay -- Story

Redemption in The Story of B The Story of B portrays the spirit of revolutionary thinking through several people who originate at opposite ends of culture and discover a common cause which unites them in a single purpose. Concern for the destiny of mankind impels one man to "brace an entire culture". This man, dubbed "B" for blasphemer by the society he seeks to save, devotes his life to the instructing of selected intellectuals to fulfill the redemption of man. B, a man "bound to be killed"(114), faces rioters to deliver his message of salvation and destiny to a Catholic priest whose superiors sent him to spy on B. Daniel Quinn's reveals his philosophical insight into the future of the world through the explanation of society's history and the revelation of a choice which threatens to bring chaos upon everyone. When Jared Osborne, a Roman Catholic priest encounters B, the revolutionary genius his superiors sent him to intercept, he loses his sense of purpose and becomes entangled in the intellectual drama which surround this rebellious prophet. While continuing his reports to the Church from B's headquarters in Radenau, Germany, Jared discovers an awful truth which forever alters his outlook on the world. In consorting with the man charged by the Church with blasphemy, Osborne risks losing his entire lifestyle by excommunication. Even this punishment cannot dissuade him, for though his loyalty remains with the Church, B's message overrides this standing allegiance with its urgency. Jared claims this makes him "not a very good priest"(3), but he eventually ceases to care whether or not he can return to his former station in life. This occurs gradually as he uncovers secrets of man's history which disillusion his belief... ...an equally rapid geographical expansion that obliterated all other lifestyles in its path"(248). B foretells the future of mankind as a grim prospect should we not alter our lifestyle. He predicts that since our planet can only support a limited amount of people, we will soon run out of space and food. This occurs, according to B, because totalitarian agriculture produces a surplus of food, which in turn increases population. The elegance of truth flows through his lessons to show how our culture began on its route to destruction. This journey continued even when we discovered the possibility that our society could survive as a Leaver culture. Fortunately, B's message also provides hope for society. Daniel Quinn suggests that though it may prove difficult, "We don't have to change HUMANKIND in order to survive. We only have to change a single culture."(255) Redemption in The Story of B Essay -- Story Redemption in The Story of B The Story of B portrays the spirit of revolutionary thinking through several people who originate at opposite ends of culture and discover a common cause which unites them in a single purpose. Concern for the destiny of mankind impels one man to "brace an entire culture". This man, dubbed "B" for blasphemer by the society he seeks to save, devotes his life to the instructing of selected intellectuals to fulfill the redemption of man. B, a man "bound to be killed"(114), faces rioters to deliver his message of salvation and destiny to a Catholic priest whose superiors sent him to spy on B. Daniel Quinn's reveals his philosophical insight into the future of the world through the explanation of society's history and the revelation of a choice which threatens to bring chaos upon everyone. When Jared Osborne, a Roman Catholic priest encounters B, the revolutionary genius his superiors sent him to intercept, he loses his sense of purpose and becomes entangled in the intellectual drama which surround this rebellious prophet. While continuing his reports to the Church from B's headquarters in Radenau, Germany, Jared discovers an awful truth which forever alters his outlook on the world. In consorting with the man charged by the Church with blasphemy, Osborne risks losing his entire lifestyle by excommunication. Even this punishment cannot dissuade him, for though his loyalty remains with the Church, B's message overrides this standing allegiance with its urgency. Jared claims this makes him "not a very good priest"(3), but he eventually ceases to care whether or not he can return to his former station in life. This occurs gradually as he uncovers secrets of man's history which disillusion his belief... ...an equally rapid geographical expansion that obliterated all other lifestyles in its path"(248). B foretells the future of mankind as a grim prospect should we not alter our lifestyle. He predicts that since our planet can only support a limited amount of people, we will soon run out of space and food. This occurs, according to B, because totalitarian agriculture produces a surplus of food, which in turn increases population. The elegance of truth flows through his lessons to show how our culture began on its route to destruction. This journey continued even when we discovered the possibility that our society could survive as a Leaver culture. Fortunately, B's message also provides hope for society. Daniel Quinn suggests that though it may prove difficult, "We don't have to change HUMANKIND in order to survive. We only have to change a single culture."(255)

Killings vs. in the Bedroom Essay

Killings vs. In the Bedroom I really enjoyed the short story â€Å"Killings† written by Andre Dubus. I felt the story was very dark and depressing but what intrigued me most about the story was how close to real life it was. Todd Field’s interpretation â€Å"In the Bedroom† was an excellent rendition of the short story. He captured the story very well and really brought it to life on the big screen. The short story really portrays the society we live in. You hear every day about domestic violence that results in someone getting hurt or killed. The story tells about a young man involved with a woman separated from her jealous husband that results in the young man’s death. The parents of the young man play a big role in the story as well. Killings starts off with the young man Frank Fowler already killed and goes directly into the aftermath of his death. In the Bedroom begins with the relationship of Frank and Natalie while they were dating. I think the way the movie began was better because it lets you see more into the relationship of Frank and Natalie. The movie allows you to get attached to the characters which I feel caused more of an impact when Frank was killed by Natalie’s husband Richard. The movie also shows more detail of why Frank’s parents were against his relationship with Natalie. Marrero 2 The short story gives more back ground into the type of person Richard Strout was. It explains more of his upbringing. The movie mainly portrays him as the angry jealous husband but not much of his background was explained except that he came from a wealthy family that owns a local company. Both versions do show him as a jealous cold hearted individual that shows no remorse for what he had done to Frank. The part of the short story where Frank comes home after having his first confrontation with Richard was a bit different from the movie. The part when Frank comes home and he’s all bruised up was the same except in the short story Matt tells Frank to â€Å"press charges†(50). He also says to Frank â€Å"What’s to stop him from doing it again? †(50). In the movie, Ruth Fowler is the one who says this to Frank and Matt. She is upset that Frank and his father are so laid back about the whole incident. I think this scene was key as to why Ruth had so much animosity towards Matt after Frank died. One of the qualities of the film that I thought was very clever was how Director Todd Field chose to not use any background music. The majority of movies use music to help bring out what the scene is about but this movie didn’t do that and it worked. It was almost like watching a reality show. It concentrated on the characters and the story line to keep viewers glued to the screen. You knew that something would eventually happen but you had no idea when and how. There was no soft or powerful music in any of the scenes to give you an idea of what was going to happen. It was excellent filming with no special effects or music. Many scenes showing Matt Fowler and his wife’s marriage falling apart were silent and the absence of background music made those scenes powerful. I think it helped to keep the audience in touch with the pain that the parents were experiencing from the death of their son. Marrero 3 The cinematography of the film was also very instrumental on the overall feeling of the movie. There wasn’t much color in the film, almost as if it was a cloudy day in every scene. The way the people dressed and even how the homes looked were very drab and bland. I think this helped to demonstrate the sadness that the parents and Natalie felt after Frank was killed. Kind of the same effect background music would have on a film. If you want the audience to feel sadness while watching a particular scene there would be sad music in the background. The entire story was sad and the cinematography helped convey that in the film. Another difference between the movie and the film was the part when Frank was shot by Richard Strout. In the short story Frank was already at Mary Ann’s house watching television with the boys in the living room while she was in the kitchen. Richard walked through the front door and shot Frank several times in front of the boys (53). In the movie, Frank was shot in the living room after coming to see if Natalie and the boys were ok after a confrontation she just had with Richard. Natalie and the boys were upstairs while Frank went downstairs to keep Richard out of the house. Richard found a way in and shot Frank several times. This was such a graphic scene, just the same as the short story. The way the film portrayed this scene worked very well. It really caused drama and suspense in the film. It was a scary moment that was very disturbing to watch. Near the end of the short story and the film was when Matt held Richard at gun point. Matt decides to take matters into his own hands because the courts failed to convict Richard. It was also causing Matt’s wife emotional stress seeing Richard in town on several occasions. This was a great part to both the story and the film because it left the reader and the viewer wondering what was going to happen next. You weren’t sure whether Matt would kill Richard or let him go. Marrero 4 It was an intense moment in both the film and short story when Richard was driving while Matt steadily held the gun to Richard’s head, telling him to â€Å"Drive slowly,† Don’t try to get stopped† (55). You could feel the suspense as to what might happen next. Richard was clearly scared but all the while held true to his belief that he was justified for what he did to Frank. Just the fact that he told Matt â€Å"He was making it with my wife† (56) while Matt is pointing a gun at him shows he had no remorse for his actions. Matt continued to mentally manipulate Richard into thinking he would be set free to live his life on the run. Every time Richard would ask Matt what he was doing, Matt would not give him an answer. He tells Richard to pack his suitcase once they reached his home and then went back into the vehicle to drive some more. Matt had Richard drive to Matt’s best friend’s property. This is where he killed Richard. In the film Matt had Richard get out of the car and shot him on impulse. In the short story Matt told Richard to walk with his suitcase for which Richard dropped it and started to run. That is when Matt shot him several times. In both the film and the movie, Richard was buried on Matt’s best friend’s property. Both the short story and the film had you glued in suspense. The short story went into more detail as to what Matt was psychologically going through after killing Richard. During Matt’s drive home the author described how Matt was feeling about what he had just done. Matt was reliving the moment in his mind when he shot Richard, feeling as if someone else did it and not him. Matt’s best friend in both the movie and the short story was very instrumental on helping him carry out his revenge against Richard. The two of them shared a strong bond of friendship and brotherhood being they both served in the military together. They both trusted each other unconditionally knowing that this was something they both would keep a secret until the end. Their military background which was not outwardly mentioned in the story but was an important Marrero 5 factor allowing them to carry out Richard’s murder. In Matt’s mind he felt he had no other choice then to kill Richard and he was fine with his decision. The end of the story was when Matt gets home and see’s his wife waiting for him. In the short story she said to him â€Å"Did you do it? † (63). He tells her everything that took place and is very emotional about it, feeling sympathy for Richard’s girl friend and thinking of Frank and Mary Ann (Natalie in the film). In the film, Matt walks into the house and changes his clothes before going to the room where his wife is waiting. They don’t really speak of what happened. It is understood that Ruth knew what he did without even asking. For the first time since Frank’s death Ruth shows Matt affection by offering to make him breakfast. The film ends with Matt lying in bed alone with a look of sadness on his face. Overall I felt Killings was excellent, fitting so much into a short story. The film was done extremely well illustrating the story but also added just enough to make it even more intriguing. Both the movie and the short story left you feeling a bit empty inside, as if you experienced the sorrow and pain that the parents were going through. There really wasn’t a happy ending in either version just an understanding of the pain that is caused by losing a child.

Are traditions worth preserving? Essay

In this era of humanity, people have come a long way in establishing human rights, liberty, justice and dignity. However not every individual country have upheld these momentum in a dignified way. Take the Jamaica for, example, due to Jamaica’s colonial history; there are some traditions that are not worth preserving at all. In Jamaica and other countries, parents are expected to beat their children as a way of ‘punishing them’. They may do this with various objects, such as a belt, broomstick, ruler, or anything that can subject pain to the human flesh. If parents believe their child is â€Å"misbehaving†. There is no proof that imposing physical pain on youngsters help to discipline them, to become better persons, and to become productive citizens of their countries in the future. There is no logical reasoning or perception that is implied to arrive at a solution to the indiscipline that Caribbean parents may think some of their children have. Instead Caribbean parents do the first thing that comes to their mind; and that is, imposing physical harm on their youngsters. If not, imposing physical harm on children, the next in line would be milder corporal punishments, such as, telling them to kneel on the floor, whether in corners of classrooms or near balconies to face the sun. Also, holding their hand up horizontally for long periods, or holding their hands aside vertically with heavy books in each palm. Any other imaginative means of pursuing corporal punishment. It is reasonable to state that for the Caribbean parents that punish their children corporally; it leaves the intended effect, but only temporarily. That is, the youngster would refrain from the supposedly disapproving activity, but only temporarily. Instead the real effect would be psychological abuse of their state of mind. That is the youngster may be scarred for life, whether he or she is aware of it or not. And so; criminal elements in a society of deteriorated cultural elements are inevitable. If the average Caribbean parent that beat their children knew exactly what child abuse was, while still committing acts of corporal punishments on their youngsters, (beating will be used as the subject in this rhetorical question) wouldn’t it be difficult to generally access what type of beating  is child abuse and what isn’t? Every parent’s assessment of child abuse would be based on personal perception and judgments and not on a general and well established one. The uplifting of children rights is lacking in Jamaica, due to unconsciousness of it. The culture of the average Jamaican adult is, the elder is always correct when in comparison to the perception of a youngster. This ignores the possibility of an adult’s perception being right to a certain extent, that their can be mistakes in perception of an adult, overlooks in perception, and misconceptions, or downright dissipation. Youngsters in this culture are forced to accept that adults are always â€Å"right†. Youngsters in this culture are also forced to accept that adults should be â€Å"respected†, ignoring respect in vice-versa. For â€Å"respect† in Jamaican society, could be that completely different from a dictionary, simply a word with a culture underneath, that is not worth preserving. Another tradition not worth preserving is ‘religious education’ and ‘religious assembles’ in public schools. This is an effect of the colonial past of Jamaica. Youngsters should practice their own beliefs and way of life outside of school. Schools should be receded for learning and studying work, and/or the introduction of people who have been successful in careers, to provide motivational talks, therefore acting as a positive influence on youths. This will help them to obtain a suitable occupation in any time of adult life. Supposed religious education in schools gives students no freedom of thought, spiritual confinement, and may allow them to not stay focused on their schoolwork. Due to the colonial past of the country, the preservation of indigenous African beliefs that came with the millions of blacks that were detained from the African continent, are overshadowed by these European origin beliefs which are currently indoctrinated in public schools. This will corrupt the souls of the younger generation leaving them in ambivalence or racial and ethnical unconsciousness. Traditions are not worth preserving unless it poses a positive effect on people. And has people we should strive to make the world a better place to live, even if it means abandoning traditions.

Citizen Kane Essay

An extremely wonderful, but definitely not a movie I would ever watch again because I wouldn’t be able to handle it a second time, Citizen Kane’s very title has become a masterpiece. â€Å"The Citizen Kane of its genre is about as great of praise as any film might hope to achieve. Citizen Kane’s unique status in the world of American cinema is held in its place in Hollywood history. At the height of the Hollywood studio system, when studio bosses controlled every aspect of filmmaking from production to exhibition, this film was made by a handful of brilliant artists who were given freedom to do whatever they wanted. The examples in the film of why Citizen Kane is arguably the greatest film of all time: Introduction to Xanadu.  Kane’s Death. News on the March. Introduction to Susan Alexander. Kane’s childhood, Kane Buys his First Newspaper. Introduction to Mr. Bernstein. Visual symbolism: Mr. Bernstein’s image reflected in table. Visual symbolism: Mr. Bernstein stands beneath painting of Kane. The Early Days, the Happy Days. Declaration of Principles Scene. Kane Celebrates Birth of His Newspaper Empire. Kane Returns from Paris with Wedding Engagement. Leland Recalls the Breakdown of Kane’s Marriage to Emily Norton. Kane Meets Susan Alexander. Gettys Springs His Trap. Kane Marries Susan Alexander; Her Opening Night at the The Missing Review. Susan Alexander at the El Rancho. Susan Alexander Rehearses for Opening Night. Susan Alexander’s Opening Night at the New Opera House. Argument over the Bad Reviews. Susan Alexander on Tour. After Susan’s Suicide Attempt. Life is Boring in Xanadu. Susan Leaves Kane. As Susan confronts Kane. As Kane pleads with her. As Susan realizes Kane just doesn’t get it. Kane, watching Susan walks down long corridors and out of his life. Susan walking away from camera. Visual symbolism, Susan walking out of his life, and Kane’s Rampage After Susan Leaves a Symbolic action, Kane picks up the glass ball. Symbolic dialogue, Kane says â€Å"Rosebud† metaphor: Kane’s reflections in the mirrors Answer to the Riddle of â€Å"Rosebud.† Visual symbolism, fence, No Trespassing Sign, K sign in fence in foreground, Xanadu looming in the background Visually, Welles and legendary cinematographer Gregg Toland forged a dramatic style combining such techniques as extreme deep focus, varied camera angles  including low angles revealing set ceilings, and unconventional use of lighting and deep shadows anticipating the film noir style. Individually, most of these techniques had been pioneered in other films, but Citizen Kane masterfully brought them together with unprecedented acumen and maturity. Narratively, Welles and veteran writer Herman J. Mankiewicz jointly crafted a storytelling tour de force combining non-linear narrative, composite storytelling from multiple points of view (a technique that would later be indelibly associated with Kurosawa’s Rashomon), varying narrative forms including the famous opening newsreel segment as well as interviews and flashbacks, and a dramatic span of decades with characters aging from young adulthood (or even childhood) to old age. Their characters are complex and ambiguous, and their dialogue crackles with wit and insight. Thematically, the film tackles the mystery of man from nearly every conceivable angle except religion — love, happiness, money, power, sex, marriage, divorce, politics, the media, celebrity, despair, death — in a sweepingly ambitious study that asks anew the 2000-year-old question, â€Å"What does it profit a man to gain the whole world and lose his soul?† What’s more, Kane accomplishes all this not as a rarefied art film for the ambitious few, but as a popular story for the masses, a riddle picture with the most famous twist ending in Hollywood history. This ending, of course, is the explanation of Charles Foster Kane’s dying word, â€Å"Rosebud.† The twist behind the twist is that while the final shot satisfyingly resolves the question with which the picture began, the whole notion that that the answer to that question would somehow provide the key to Kane’s life was only a journalistic conceit. The film answers the question, but refrains from offering any final explanation or judgment of its complex protagonist, suggesting that a man’s life is more than a riddle to be explained or resolved. That’s not to say that Rosebud isn’t significant. It is. It signifies innocence lost, regret, the failure of the American dream of rags-to-riches  success. It also represents what Kane lost at an early age when he was taken from his mother and father and raised by an unloving guardian. Deprived of love, burdened by too much money and power, Kane grows up with a ravenous desire to be loved despite being incapable of love himself, as well as an arrogance and sense of entitlement to getting his way. The tragedy of his life epitomizes the dark side of the pursuit of happiness, with failed marriages, broken friendships, dashed political aspirations, rapacious acquisitiveness, isolation, and despair. Controversy surrounding the release of the film has become an enduring part of its legend. The character of Charles Foster Kane was widely recognized at least in part as a fictionalized version of newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst, and Hearst furiously did his best to suppress the picture and have it destroyed. While working on Citizen Kane, Welles joked that â€Å"If they ever let me do a second picture, I’m lucky.† He was only half right. He was lucky enough to make many additional pictures, some of them masterpieces in their own right. That super awesome level of control and magic was a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity and Welles made the most of it. This is Citizen Kane.