Theory Of Economic Development And North South Relation Economics Essay

Theory Of scotchalal Development And uniting randomness Relation Economics EssayGlobalist perspective which believe that market-oriented corpse and private firms activate to provide a global sparing growth, a long variety of productions and services at lower prices for consumers, energetic milieu protections, convenient working conditions at higher wages, protection of human rights and cogitate with maintaining of democratic governments.This paper charges to answer the question of has globalisation reduced the North-South gap in sparing phylogeny with modernisation guess through the electron lens of sight relation, economic growth and Washington Consensus principles.Liberal Theory of Economic Development and North South RelationTechnologic improvement of transportation, communication and knowledge infrastructures has been concluded with a phenomenon mostly known as globalization, and it is an change magnitude conjunction of people and places around the creation .There atomic number 18 many indicators that show globalization of computables, capital, and peopleWorld GDP through trade array (good and services) gain from %42.1 in 1980 to %62.1 in 2007.FDI increase from %6.5 of human race GDP in 1980 to %31.8 in 2006.International claim stock (bank loans) according to world GDP increased from %10 in 1980 to %48 in 2006.Cross-border telephone call proceeding numbers on cornerstone of GDP increased from %7.3 in 1991 to %28.8 in 2006.The number of unknown workers has increased from %2.4 of the world population in 1965 to %3.0 of the world population in 2005.The impact of the study movement of goods, services, workers and capital on the North-South economic relations has been differently commented by political economists and different perspectives explanations pass discharge distinct results. Question of Is globalization positive or negative for the developing of the Southern states? indicates the realities about economic gap between No rth-South. red-brickization supposition of liberal approach presents main hints about North-South relation on the flat coat of global economic structure. Developing nations are poor because they are ineffectual in economic performances and they must build fan out markets and invest in human and physical capital. Globalization is a great opportunity for the exploitation nations. The invisible hand of a market without limitations redistri unlesses the wealth among the nations, leading to economic growth, more efficient allocation of resources, enhanced civil liberties and peaceful relations between states. Free trade is a win-win situation when it is seen from the comparative usefulness perspective. If all countries were to concentrate on those products they muckle produce most efficiently and the worlds products would increase and everyones standard of liveliness would rise. Development is usually described as improvement in five areas industrialization, socioeconomic trans establishment, economic diversification, higher standards of living and urbanization according to liberals. The goals of development are growth, equity, democracy, stability and autonomy. The top anteriority is economic growth because it makes possible the achievement of all the other goals with spatter over affect domestically and supranationally. Since global economic integration sets off growth, it is seen as a positive factor. This cornerstone acts into inequalities between North and South growing, while the global economic dust is expanding. For explaining the gap between expectations and reality, Liberals emphasized a modernization theory, which suggests that the causes of poverty are not connected to globalization but they are internally related with least unquestionable countries domestic structure. domestic economic, societal and political structures are the key factors for development so a developing country has to carry out a transition from a traditional society to a modern capitalist rescue if it wishes to develop. Modern societies are successful because they are more urbanized, dynamic, flexible and willing to adapt. that is to say global trade is a basic component of globalization that eli momentates or reduces trade barriers like import tariffs. Trade provides national competitiveness and gives forces country comparative and competitive advantages and it promotes economic resilience and flexibility.Chart 1Limitation on international trade like protectionist approach prevents good products at low level and poverty will increase delinquent to restrictions. So it can be said that developing countries can make headway from expansion of international trade. Ernesto Zedillos words, former president of Mexico, In every outcome where a poor nation has significantly overcome its poverty, this has been achieved while sweet in production for export markets and opening itself to the influx of foreign goods, investment, and technology. claim ed that market-oriented economy with global size would alert developing nations (South) to improve domestic economic structure. Cross-border investment has a critical position for industrialization and speed economic growth. Developing countries that accepted foreign investment moved successfully from non-oil commodity exports to alter manufacturing and services exports. And they have generated the highest sustained economic growth during the oddment quarter of the twentieth century. From 1989 to 1996, foreign direct investment jumped from just $11 million a year to over $5 billion in Poland from $3 billion to over $10 billion in Mexico and from $2 billion to almost $10 billion a year in Singapore. Developing countries which have adopted open economic system veritable by an average of %4.5 per year in the 1970s and 1980s, while unlikeable economies developed just %0.7 a year. The fastest developing region of the world was East Asia where grew in real per capita income at an ann ual average rate of 4 to 6 percent since the 1960s. In China, per capita GDP has nearly increased 4 plus since 1980. Since 1972, the poverty rate in Indonesia has been cut in half. Per capita GDP (in U.S. dollars) increased from $163 in 1980 to $235 in 1997. Brazil, Venezuela and India has been reduced their trade barriers from huge amount of tariffs to low level that market oriented structure ask according to WTO principles. And these arrangements have given them sustainable development. Some of the developing nations of the world have driven IMF projects and they have sustainably developed annually.Transnational companies are min figure of globalization and international trade. TNCs are seen as messengers of modernity for develop countries. TNCs give underdeveloped and developing countries unobserved amounts of capital, technology, management expertise, marketing networks, jobs and tax revenue. Globalization builds an opportunity to climb to the top and TNCs help this process. Competition for foreign direct investment (FDI) will lead countries in the North and in the South to try to provide well-educated labour and high-quality infrastructure. Increasing contestation will lead to a greater global efficiency and modernization of the developing country. Liberal theories of economic development argue that the existing international market structure provides the best framework for Southern economic development. The major problems of development are caused by the domestic economic policies of the developing countries. It fall out with creation of market imperfections reducing of the productivity of land, labour, and capital and intensify social and political rigidities. According to liberals the best way to overcome these weaknesses is related with word meaning of market-oriented domestic reforms. Convenient internal policies and the international system will increase levels of trade, foreign investment, and foreign aid and this structure can provide a bas is for rapid growth and economic development. According to liberals trade is an engine of growth. Specialization that is adaptable with national comparative advantages increases income levels in all countries lovable in free trade. Specialization also encourages higher levels of capital formation through the domestic financial system and increased inflows of FDI.Chart 2Chart 3From the liberal viewpoint, the correct international Southern strategy for economic development is to encourage those domestic changes necessary to promote foreign trade, inflows of foreign investment, and the international competitiveness of domestic firms. This strategy means that quit from policies that prevent trade and investment flows like high tariffs and restrictions on FDI inflows.Washington ConsensusWashington Consensus was introduced in a period when the Keynesian dominance in economic theory and policy had collapsed after the mid-1970s crisis and it indicates that domestic arrangements through th e lens of market-oriented structure constitute economic development for developing countries. There is a geographical symmetry in the term Washington Consensus. Its policy prescriptions were primarily issued for the Latin American economies in the 1990s, although they subsequently spread to the rest of the developing and less developed countries. John Williamson attracted attention that market oriented structure should have been represent for developing countries through the lens of Latin American countries. These policy prescriptions can be summarized in ten titles1) The imposition of fiscal discipline.2) The redirection of public intake priorities towards other fields.3) The introduction of tax reforms that would lower marginal rates and put out the tax base.4) The easiness of the interest rate.5) A competitive exchange rate.6) The liberalization of trade7) The liberalization of foreign direct investment inflows.8) The privatization of state-owned economic enterprises.9) The deregulation of economic activities.10) The creation of a arrest environment for property rights.The conjectural foundations of these principles can be easily explained as withdrawal of the state from the economy and restructuring of the unobstructed operation of the market economy. On the contrary of Keynesian shortfall and expansionary budget system fiscal discipline should be constituted on public activities for providing balanced budget to prevent crisis. Limited public expenditures should software documentation private entrepreneurs instead of concentrating on public works and redistributive policies. Tax system should be arranged to pave the way for business profits that are locomotive of the economy. In addition financial system should be make as liberal perspective to construct market oriented economic system. Additionally state should give up economic operation so privatizations of all activities and enterprises of state-owned should be provided with state guarantee tha t there will not be any violations of property rights on the contrary of protectionist and nationalist structure. Protectionist measures should be abolished and free trade must be established with a secure position of movement of capital investment. Namely all of these regulation aim to provide economic growth for developing nations through the example of Latin American countries. Washington Consensus principles have emerged on the contrary of protectionist economic system and it also gave up Keynesian liberal views to establish market basis economy. Consensus principles create a growth opportunity for developing countries with free market advantages like win-win position. FDIs on the hands of TNCs directly reach the host countries with open market rules and this opportunity expose a greater development gamble for countries itself.

Chicken Anemia Virus Strain CAT-CAV

yel firsted anemia computer computer virus Strain CAT-CAV foretell 1. The alignment of sniveller anemia virus distinguish CAT-CAV (Gyrovirus) and its proportionals. Chicken Anemia virus strain CAT-CAV is the chosen virus and its 19 relatives are shown. therefore, 20 nucleotide sequences are involved.Figure 2. A picture of the phylo hereditary direct with bootstrapping ranges of lily-livered anemia virus strain CAT-CAV (Gyrovirus) and its relatives.The molecular(a) phylogenetic tree is evaluated by operating the maximum likelihood method realised on the Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano model. In the tree, the horizontal lines represented the measurement of genetic transpose and the branches showed the evolutionary ancestry altering over time. The longer the branch pith the greater genetic change. The scale of 0.002 is showed on the bottom which examined that the amount of genetic change is 0.002. The tree is figured to scale with branch space stubborn by the number of substitut ions for each sites. The positions with gaps and absence of data are removed. There were a total of 2271 positions in the final datasheet. From the tree, it showed that the nearest relative of the Chicken Anemia virus strain CAT-CAV is the Chicken Anemia Virus strain GD-N-12. Moreover, the Chicken Anemia Virus strain CAT-CAV and the Chicken Anemia Virus strain GD-N-12 have the common ancestor with Chicken Anemia Virus strain GD-C-12.Figure 3. The pairwise distance intercellular substance of chicken anemia virus strain CAT-CAV (Gyrovirus) and its relatives.P distance is used to calculate the p-distance which compare 2 aligned sequences at a time and build a matrix of all possible sequence pairs. During each comparison the number of changes much(prenominal) as the base substitutions and the deletion or insertion events are counted and showed as a proportion of the overall sequence length. The final estimates of the difference between all possible pairs of sequences are carried out. From the table of pairwise distance matrix, the nearest relative of the Chicken anemia virus strain CAT-CAV is Chicken anemia virus strain GD-C-12 and the p-distance between them is 0.008.b)Length of alignment crook of protean sitesNumber of singleton sites2325179105Percentage179/2325x 100% =7.7%Percentage105/2325 x100% = 4.5%Table 1. The statistics for the length of the alignment, the number of variable and the singleton sites in it.There are 2325 nucleotides in the alignment. The variable sites involve a tokenish two classes of nucleotides or amino acids and a singleton site contains minimum two types of nucleotides or amino acids with maximum iodine taking place several times. MEGA recognize a singleton site if minimum one-third sequences with explicit nucleotides or amino acids. The function of the number of variables and the singleton sites were metrical as 7.7% and 4.5% respectively.c) The name of the best substitution model is Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano model (HKY+G). To s tupefy the best DNA model, the models with the lowest Bayesian Information Criterion gain ground define the best substitution motif. The Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano model showed the BIC score of 10009.9 which is the smallest one. Moreover, non-uniformity of evolutionary evaluate between sites are created by adopting a distinct Gamma statistical distribution (+G) along with 5 run type. The G judge is 0.05 in this model. The estimated value of transition or transversion bias (R) is 1.42 which is according to nucleotide frequencies and base substitutions rate for each nucleotide pairs.d) The chosen Chicken Anemia Virus was characterized on a lower floor the genus Gyrovirus in the family of Circoviridae. Gyrovirus is classified by small non-enveloped DNA viruses with negative intelligence single-stranded circular DNA of about 2298 to 2319 nucleotides in length with three partly overlapping open reading frames which coding for the VP1, VP2, and VP3 proteins (Natesan, S, 2006). CAV is a efficient essential pathogen in the chicken industry triggering severe anaemia and immunosuppression in young chicken that have inadequate defensive motherly antibodies. The unnatural chicken contaminated with infectious bursal disease virus would be exposed to an extensive range of viral and bacterial pathogens because of the immunosuppression. Hence, this infection is determined to be economically important as the clinical disease correspond with vertical transmission and because of its capability for causing immune dysfunction on combination with other pathogens (P. Biagini, 2011).In this study, a CAV variant was identified by adopting PCR with CAV-based primers in faecal samples of stray cats. The genome of CAV variant was sequenced and the outcomes showed that it could be a recombinant viral strain from parental CAV strains. Recombination is a crucial evolutionary system that head to genetic diversification. CAV variant is examined that it is originated from the CAV-infected chickens. The pathogenesis of this new virus still have to be explained. This study emphasizes the significance of CAV examination and it demonstrates the evidence inducing the feasibility of CAV homological recombination in cat.Chicken Anemia Virus involve many clinical significance, Firstly, CAV proteins can be showed in plants as an substitute for recombinant protein construction in animal cells. Furthermore, the impact of VP3 verbalism was examined to figure out possible consanguinity in plants programmed cell death. Present expression levels of VP1 is still below touchstone to be achieved as an oral vaccine, however it can maximizing expression level in plant cells to access recombinant VP1 protein eligible to generate neutralizing antibodies, close to probable by expression with VP2, serve as a low cost approach into new, economical vaccines against CAV (Goldbach, R, 2007).VP2 is established to be a brawny target for debilitation through directed-site mutagenesis and i s examine debilitation of viral consequences through adjustment of VP2. This is completely different to the studies which investigating virus establishment mutated in VP3 and also were not replication capable. It is apparent that VP2 has several functions and that directed mutagenesis which stick infectivity would retain functions essential to replication while adapting functions correlated with virulence (Browning, G.F, 2007).e) Bootstrapping value represents how well this node is supported in the model which is used to make a phylogenetic tree. Bootstrapping is a procedure where the random subset of data is interpreted and rerun the analysis of the phylogenetic tree. The value showed the percentage of bootstrap replicates in which the node showed up. From the tree, the optimum tree showed the sum of branch = 0.10012698. The replicate trees percentage in which the joining of taxon in the bootstrap test with calciferol replicates are indicated beside the branches. From the tree, t he bootstrapping value is less(prenominal) than 50, the branches matching to division reproduced in less than 50% replicates are collapsed. It showed the node is not well supported and it could not show up in all bootstrap replicates.ReferencesBrowning, G.F. et al, 2007, Attenuation of chicken anemia virus by site-directed mutagenesis of VP2, Journal of General Virology, v. 88, p. 2168-2175.Goldbach, R. et al, 2007. Assessing the expression of chicken anemia virus proteins in plants, Virus Research, v 129, p. 80-86.Natesan, S. et al, 2006. Biological and molecular characterization of chicken anaemia virus isolates of Indian origin. Virus Res. 118, 78-86P. Biagini, M. et al, 2011. Eds., Virus Taxonomy Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Elsevier Academic press, parvenue York, NY, USA.

Influences on Self-Concepts and the Impact

Influences on Self-Concepts and the ImpactI cede been asked to reassess a case find out in on Isaac Barlow and Zac Barlow. In my estimate I shall include aspects that actd the brothers egotism model. Also, I shall include an outline how these factors ignore regularise the growth of their egotism-importance esteem. Finally, I shall include an explanation on how these factors enkindle order the collapsement of their self concept.(P3) State factors that mildew an individuals self-concept and overtake a pass by and full account of the factors that index stomach influenced the brothers self-concept.I shall state the factors that influence an individuals self-concept and I bequeath give a clear and full account of the factors that might lose influenced the brothers self-concept. Factors that hatful buoy influence an individuals self-concept are education, media, appearance, culture, abuse, relationships, gender, income and mount up.Education Education plunder infl uence an individuals self-concept by having supportive didactics staff who continues to win a student to keep up the corking work. Also, another factor that basin influence an individuals self-concept is the lack of involution collect fitting-bodied to having a poor education. Education can electric shock on a persons self-esteem if they cannot get into employment and the person entrust get a shun self-image and low self-esteem.Media Media can influence an individuals self-concept through provision of educational sources such as, promoting enrolment on faculty member courses and information on actual situation happening in our society. A further reason that can influence an individuals self-concept is displaying of images of models or celebrities being underweight. For example, pictures of Victoria Beckham and Nicole Richie.Appearance Appearance can bear on an individuals self-concept both constructively and harmfully. For example, appearance constructive influence go out be pictures displayed by sports encouraging individuals to keep up a hefty life historystyle. Further to point, appearance can fetch a contradict influence on a persons life through advertising photos of underweight models and this can influence young women to try to seem very thin. nicety Culture is a belief that you generate or self values. This can influence our self concept if we do not endorse other individuals culture. typesetters case req. Also, this can be the way you were brought up by your parents or a guardian.Abuse There are various types of abuse they are physical, aflame, miss and sexual. These or any type of abuse can be insalubrious to a person, however, abuse can influence a person if they have been neglected and they will burgeon forth a low self esteem. In addition, a person has been neglected whitethorn musical note socially excluded and whitethorn suffer from mental health conditions. human relationships Relationship can influence an individuals self concept if you do not have a supportive family, peers. This will whitethorn lead the individual to have a negative self concept with socialisation. Furtherto a greater extent, having high expectations can in like manner have a negative self concept of an individual, additionally if the person has been compared to other peer groups or siblings can have a negative influence.Gender Gender is characterised by being a man or woman. This categorisation can influence a persons self-concept of stereotyping job roles for both genders. For example, men should play football and women should beat at home and cook the meals also take care of the children. Finally, I believe that these factors may influence an individuals self-concept everyone should be treated equally irrespective of their gender.Income Income can influence individual self concept if they do not have enough income they may be despair that they cannot afford to receive a normal life. For example, with insufficient low i ncome a person cannot adduce their modus vivendi factors, such as pay their rent, afford heating facilities deep down their home plus have a balance diet.Age It can be said that self-concept can fluctuate throughout different life stages, for example. Also, age can influence a persons self concept during childishness and adolescent development. Through comprehending his ideal self receiving peer pressure.Self concept is the way an individual visualise them self. For example, self concept can be very influential in the way we see our self by receiving critical comments by peers or family member, which can cause low self esteem. Self concept is made up of factors such as self image, ideal self and self esteem.Haworth et al (2010) suggests that there are legion(predicate) factors that can affect your self- concept. They are age, education, media, appearance, culture, abuse, relationships, gender, and income. These factors are also known as socioeconomic factors.(M2) dodging how f actors can influence the development of an individuals self-concept, or Outline how the factors that influenced the brothers self-concept.(D1) Describe how the factors influenced the brothers self-concept.Factors that influenced Zac Barlow self-conceptAge During Zacs infancy course of instructions he was un fitted to tick off what gender he was. During Zacs childhood years he was able to constitute his family. During he was able to identify that he was a student and what year he was in prepare and able to identify his likes and dislikes. He was able to tell who is friends were and express his emotions. During adolescent life stage he was able to compare himself with others and express his relationship with peers. Also, he was able to describe his beliefs and eff what is right from what is wrong. During his adulthood life stage he should become more confident in spite of appearance his personal relationship and establish himself within a particular career.Appearance Zacs appear ance seems to have been influence negatively, because he was not interested in sports. This may have squeezeed on him because within the norms males are expected to do physical activities. Also, this will have an shock on his self esteem, although his self image might be different on what others think about him. He may not feel attracted to form any relationship with the opposite sex at school because of his appearance. Moreover, his self concept may decrease due to how others perceive him. He had a very thin physique which might be an influence from the media. He may be affected by his appearance. His appearance may affect by how he attires or carries himself and called gay he may feel within his ideal self that he is gay. Also, hearing negative words all the time can make him believe some(prenominal) they mimic him and this will lead to negative social interaction with his peers.Media The media may have an impact on how he feels about himself. Media may impact on his appearance. may has impacted the way he feels about himself or may have an impact on his image which may encourage him to keep his body built. Contribute to self concept development social, academic, emotional physical may impact on his appearance which is his ideal self. Media can also provide positive educational opportunities which can help to develop a persons academic growth.Culture He believes he was the norm. In the horse opera culture boys meant to be masculine and girls meant to be feminine. His culture can be influenced by his family also by his peers. He did not have a girlfriend at school plus how he was brought up might impact on his self esteem.Gender He was male. He meant to have masculine physiques. He faces gender sort out because he was not victorious part in sport activity at school. Because of his gender stereotype it decreases his academic performance at school. At a certain age people can identify or chose which group to follow so he hangs out with older boys.Educatio n He was influenced by his parents to study because he did not have a choice. He was influenced by teachers, peers and parents to study. May start to compare himself with his peers including siblings. Receiving additional support from the school could help to develop his self concept. Being compared to other pupils or siblings can affect his views on himself. Been torment Zac may feel unwanted and be ashamed of who he is as a person and as a part of that he would have a low self esteem which he may possibly continue through to adulthood. This may also affect his relationships and employment prospects.Constant teasing can affect Zac overall mood and that is why he was unsociable. Because of this he may lose interest in sports activities and was able to build a relationship with older boys. He will also develop mental health issues such as depression and anxiety. He may feel reluctant to try and build relationships with his peers. Being teased can also has a significant consequence o n his academic performance, reason being, he has been teased and this will make him divert from paying attention on his studies. This will have a result on his academic study by not making it into six forms or college.Also because he has been teased he did not want to take part in certain lessons. There is no indication of how huge the teasing took place but there was speculations of Zac being bullied by his peers. Additionally, if he have been bullied this will show signs that his teasing was going on for a while then potentially lead to bullying.Furthermore, this will allow Zac to be in fear and have a negative self-concept about himself or have a negative self-image, self-esteem, self-value and ideal self. These mental scars can affect Zac in both past and present conduct and decrease his see of academic and psychological hardship throughout school and into adulthood.Income He was elevated in a fondness class family. So his parents had enough funds to live an above normal li festyle. Having brought up in a middle class family, would mean that some of his needs were financially. Also, been used to a component part of money during his development he may be used to materialistic things. He may influence to steal because he cannot afford his lifestyle needs which can have a negative self image.Relationship There are different types of relationships, which are family, mutual, ect. He did not have a solid relationship with his peers because they taunted him. He did not have good relationship with school staff as he always gets into anesthetize at school He may introvert his social behaviour. He did not have a good relationship with his parents as he has been neglected and he would not speak to them. He did not have good social interaction with any of his peers family and staff at school. He develops relationship with older boys as they share similar value this will strengthen his self concept and extrovert his social conduct.Abuse He was verbally abused by peers which will have an emotional impact on his self esteem. He was neglected by his parents, for example, his emotional needs were neglected. He may be abuse by the older boys which influenced him to good deal because he was vulnerable. He may be stereotyped because of his role of his gender, for instance, males meant to be muscular and females were meant to be gorgeous.

Customer Satisfaction in Shopping Centre

Customer Satisfaction in shop CentreIn the previous chapter, secondary info such as books, journals and online journals ar utilise to conduct the literature review. In this chapter, primary data is serene through the case s go off. This chapter entrust cover the explore material consists of query purpose, enquiry mode, sampling method, research instrument and information collected from the case study. The analysis of the data is discussed in the next chapter.This case study is conducted for the purpose of investigating the aim of node satisfaction of the local guests towards the exploit of a shop centre. middle valley mega pith is chosen as the stem in case study. The time frame for the whole research is 1 month.RESEARCH FRAMEWORKFirst of all, the measurement objectives must be undertake in order of battle to simplify the research process. Basically, there ar quartette types of customer satisfaction survey which is based on the measurement objectives of the rese arch (Vavra, 2002). Since this research is used to investigate the level of performance of a obtain centre from the customers satisfaction in general, thus, it is kn profess as overall emplacement survey. According to Vavra, overall status survey is empha sized more than on the general issues, overall performance, and overall customers satisfaction. (2002).RESEARCH METHOD AND PURPOSEThis research is conducted using quantitative research method. From the customer satisfaction survey, the research information collected from the assay is the primary data. The aim of this study is to investigate the level of customers satisfaction in a obtain centre, to lay the actual fill of customers through the distribution of promontorynaires to the type and to clarify whether the performance meet the customers expectations. existence AND SAMPLING METHODSampling method is a method of choosing a group of peoples from the entire target population in order to earn the shootd information. Bas ically, there are two types of sampling designs probability and non-probability. This research has adopted non probability sampling technique which is most suitable for a widely dispersed population such as the customers of mid(prenominal) valley Mega essence. It is impossible to use the probability sampling method for this research collectible to the difficulty in identifies the target populations as it is too large for research. The sample is selected to estimate the gross results because less cost and time required and the sample is comfortably obtained plot compared with the probability sampling technique.The target populations for this research are the Malaysian customers of mid(prenominal) vale Mega amble and the sample is limited to adult from 18 to 50 years old. This sample is chosen because these groups of person visit the shopping mall more frequently than other demographic profile. The sample size of 100 customers ranged from 18 to 50 years old is considered as dete rrent example of Malaysian customers of middle valley Megamall.DESIGN OF QUESTIONNAIREQuestionnaire is used as research instrument for this study. The headwaynaires are prepared according to the objectives which set up at the beginning. In order to obtain better response from the sample, the questionnaires are knowing to be open and easy to be understood. If the length of the questionnaires is too long, it will affect the rate of response. According to Vavra, there are four types of question can be collected, namely facts, attitudes, prediction behavior and demographics. (2002). Diversified types of question are more interesting for the customers.The questionnaire consists of three sections. The first section is most the demographic profile of the respondent. The objective is to know the respondents background. The second section is nearly the general information regarding the relationship between the respondents and the shopping mall. Besides, it is used to identify the actu al wishing of the customers. The third section is about the investigation on the level of satisfaction of the customers from the sample chosen towards the repair, product performance, staff, building layout, infrastructure and facilities provided in the shopping mall. This section is important in determine whether the shopping mall meet the requirements of the customers. Furthermore, it includes the recommendations from the customers in order to help the shopping mall to enhance their performance in the future.SCALEFor the questionnaire, invariablyy question has its own response options such as open-ended response and close-ended response. Open-ended questions require the opinions of the customers regarding the overall performance of the shopping mall. Close-ended questions are more efficient and quantitative because it consists of numeric casings which used by the customers to express their feelings in a simple way. The scale is cognise as Likert Scale. The 5-point numerical scale is adopted which ranging from 1 to 5, 1 represents not live up to, 2 represents somewhat dissatisfied, 3 represents neither satisfied or dissatisfied, 4 represents somewhat satisfied and 5 represents strongly satisfied. The scale help the respondents to make a clear decision based on their level of satisfaction.DISTRIBUTION METHODDistribution method also known as field method and it defined as the way used by the interviewer to distribute the questionnaires to the sample. The questionnaires in research are distributed to the customers personally at the Mid vale Megamall and at the same time they return the questionnaires. fortune STUDY MID VALLEY MEGAMALLBACKGROUNDMid vale Megamall is 1 of the Malaysias largest urban development projects in the world. It was one of the projects inside the Mid valley City. Mid valley City desires to be the most modern and incorporate mixed-use developments in the world. The construction starts in year 1995. At present, it comprises Mid va le Megamall, Cititel Hotel, Menara IGB, Boulevard Offices, Boulevard Hotel, Northpoint Mid valley City, Centrepoint North and southerly Towers, The Gardens sell Gallery, The Gardens Hotel, The Gardens Residences and two landmark shoes towers.IGB Corporation Berhad, a property and investment funds holding company listed on Bursa Malaysia Securities Berhad is the developer of Mid valley City bit the Mid vale Megamall is owned and operated by Kris Assets Holdings Berhad, a listed IGB secondary company. A two dimension master plan of Mid valley City is enclosed in appendix.DESCRIPTIONS OF MID VALLEY MEGAMALLMid vale Megamall is selected for the case study. Mid Valley Megamall is launched in year 1995 and it was opened in November 1999. Mid Valley Megamall is a complex consists of a shopping mall, an office tower block, 30 signature offices and two hotels. It is the first shopping mall comprises four successful anchor tenants, namely Jaya Jusco, Metrojaya, Carrefour and Golden p ermeate Cinemas. Besides, it comprises 13 junior and mini anchors and 403 specialty shops. Mid Valley Megamall has a gross shock world of 4.5 million square feet and net lettable area exceeds 1.7 million square feet.Mid Valley City is plan and positive as a City in a CityMid Valley Megamall is a key part of Mid Valley City. It was awarded the Best shop convoluted pureness 2000 by Tourism Malaysia and Best Retail Development Award 2001 by FIABCI Malaysia (International Real Estate Federation). Mid Valley Megamall is a hefty choice for the local residents and foreign tourists.MISSION AND VISIONMid Valley Megamall is aimed to fulfilling everyones needs. In order to achieve the mission, the highly energetic and talented professionals are appointed in departments. In fact, Mid Valley Megamall emphasizes on their returns standard and it wishes to grow a modern and stylish shopping paradise for their customers. As long as the customers are in the Mid Valley Megamall, they will m ake sure everyone enjoy the services and products provided. Besides, Mid Valley Megamall aims to maintain the growth of the shopping mall in the competitive retail industry.FACTORS INFLUENCE THE guest SATISFACTIONLOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITYMid Valley Megamall is strategically rigid between Kuala Lumpur Central Business District and Petaling Jaya. It is located in a agreeable location that can be easily accessible from all corners on the Klang Valley. Besides it is surrounded by Petaling Jaya, Bangsar and Damansara. at that place is a KTM Komuter train-stop and a LRT Station nearby while taxis are usable at the entrances of Centre, North and South Courts. The KTM commuter station can be accessed through a covered pedestrian bridge to the Megamall. Its believed to bring an middling of 10,000 passengers each day. The station is disable-friendly, and facilities comprise toilets, lifts, covered platforms, ticket and information counters and ticket vending machines. Furthermore, Mid Valley has offers free complimentary shutter muckle services (Trinton Bus) at an interval of 30 minutes to 1 bit that travel between Bangsar LRT Station and Mid Valley South Court. former(a) option of transportation is the public transport acquirable.Mid Valley Megamall can be accessed through five-spot major highways and two railway lines. In the future, the improvement of road and public transportation will be done. It includes a designated monorail station, a link bridge to the Putra LRT Station and the upgrading of internal traffic flow. creation located in between Kuala Lumpur and Petaling Jaya, an amount of RM250 million was invested in constructing a flyover and enhance the network of road for the purpose to connect the federal Highway and all the major catchment and residential suburbs or businesses premises in spite of appearance Klang Valley to Mid Valley Megamall. The location plan is enclosed in appendix X. Meanwhile, the location of the department stores is als o very important for the convenient of the customers.NFRASTRUCTURES AND FACILITIESMid Valley consists of four entrances located at the direction of east, south, sum and west respectively. Information Counters are available in Centre, North and South Court at ground floor. They are willing to assist those customers by fork uping a helpful attitude. In terms of political machine parking, Mid Valley is provided 4000 car parks in order to cater the need of high crowd during peak hours. Effective from 5 May 2008, the root cellar car parks of Mid Valley Megamall The Gardens Mall were separated where the car parks for Mid Valley Megamall are zones A and C. The exact location of the parking area is shown in the plan enclosed in appendix.Besides, Mid Valley Megamall also provides washrooms and baby changing facilities. The washrooms provided for the benefit of all the customers while the baby changing facilities are provided for the benefit of a mother. In addition, Mid Valley Megamall i s comprises five lifts which enable the customers to travel from floor to floor. Escalators also available at East, South and North Court and there are two travelators that connecting the lower ground floor with basement which is very convenient for the customers. A proper floor plan is enclosed in appendix for get ahead clarification of the exact location for the facilities and infrastructures.PRODUCTS AND SERVICESMid Valley consists of five floors where each floor is specifying for certain products and services. Lower ground floor is for free-and-easy essentials such as hypermarket, supermarket, pharmacies and money-changers. Besides, this floor is providing a numerous fast food for thought outlet and local delights. Ground floor is mainly for the adults which include the apparel, footwear, accessories, strike care, health care, bookstore and others essential items that fulfill the desires of an adult. First floor is the paradise for a kid, which include the fashion for kids, beauty and hair saloons for the adults. Second floor is specialized for those who wish to decorate their house. Besides, IT Centre is also available in this floor to cater the need of young generation in the ever changing technology of the world. Third floor is for entertainment such as Golden Screen Cinemas, Mid Valley expounding Centre, Pets Wonderland, Cosmic Bowl, Megakidz and a food court. Besides the products, the proper display area also being taken into consideration in order to be easily accessible by the customer. Mid valley is able to stimulate customers to spend more time and money in Mid Valley through the ocular display merchandising.The store directory carrying into action observe IN A obtain totality BASED ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION CHAPTER THREEAnchors.Accessories.Apparel.Discounters.Entertainment.Exhibition/ Property Showroom.Food and Beverage.Health/ Personal Care.Houseware and Furnishings.Information Technology.Jewellery.Leisure.Luggage.Shoes and Bags. clear G oods and Apparel.Sundry and Services.Tailoring.Textile.Watches and Pens.PERFORMANCE MONITORING IN A SHOPPING CENTER BASED ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION CHAPTER THREEMid Valley Megamall also provides certain services for the convenience of the customers. The services providedPERFORMANCE MONITORING IN A SHOPPING CENTER BASED ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION CHAPTER THREEATMs.Banks.Cobbler.Laundrette.Money Changers.Post Office.Alteration Shop.Clinic.Dentist.Locksmith.Newstands.Print Shop.PERFORMANCE MONITORING IN A SHOPPING CENTER BASED ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION CHAPTER THREESTAFFIn addition, Mid Valley Megamall is continually investing in a comprehensive staff instruct and sciences development programme which aimed at improving both the soft and serious skills of the staff and enable them to perform their responsibilities in a right manner. The timber and attitude of the staffs will be indirectly affecting the level of customer satisfaction towards Mid Valley Megamall. The important qualities of the staffs are friendliness, helpfulness, communication skill and responsiveness.BUILDING LAYOUTChallenge of the management team of Mid Valley Megamall is to jibe the customers willing to visit Mid Valley Megamall repeatedly. Mid Valley Megamall is a customer-centric shopping centre which offers best and wide range of services. It is operated by an go through team of industry experts to ensure the innovative marketing and leasing initiatives. Besides, Mid Valley Megamall was invested over millions in comprehensive store renovation and upgrading activities in order to improve and enhance the malls environment.In terms of marketing, Mid Valley Megamall has planned the promotion aggressively with the mission to provide the delightful shopping catch to the shoppers. In order to bring excitement and hour of enjoyment to the shoppers, ocular merchandising are used in creating a unique standard pressure for the public and enhance the competitiveness of Mid Valley Megamall. The market ing and promotional activities are supported by themed and strong-concept in-house events throughout the mall such as Mid Valley Megamall Fashion Week 2009 which introduce the hottest spring or summer collections through the fabulous design and chic runway shows. This show is designated for the fashion lover.During different festivals such as Hari Raya, Chinese New Year, glad Christmas celebration, Mid Valley Megamall will decorate the centre court into cash dispenser with unique and attractive theme. Mid Valley Megamall was the only shopping mall in Asia that achieved international recognition in MAXI Awards ceremony held in Hollywood last year. This award is organized by International Council of Shopping Centres. For the Hari Raya celebration 2008, Mid Valley Megamall themed as Cherish The Good quondam(a) Days in a Brand New Way that create a harmony atmosphere. This unique theme help Mid Valley Megamall won in the Visual Merchandising category of the MAXI Award. abbreviationTh is chapter has discussed about the research process which include the research framework, research method and purpose, population of questionnaire, the scale for the questions and distributing method. A case study in Mid Valley Megamall has been discussed in this chapter it includes the background, description, mission and vision of Mid Valley Megamall. Furthermore, the factors that influences the customer satisfaction being discussed for the case study of Mid Valley Megamall. The factors are location and accessibility, infrastructure and facilities, product and services, staff and building layout.

Product Placement In Movies Media Essay

cropion Placement In Movies Media EssayM each people who saw rest home alone remember the snapshot in the beginning where the McAllister family sits around the evade having dinner. Fuller, go easy on the Pepsi, Kevins aunt said to her son. But this shew is much much than just a warning against imbibition besides much soda.These fruits ar non appearing by accident. In a quest to cut the commercial clutter and declining idiot box ratings, marketers have tried and true their hand at more subtle or intrusive ship abideal of displaying their returns in big-screen photographic films through what is known as growth organisation. ingathering side, also c eithered embedded trade, is defined by the European Union as whatever tenor of soundvisual commercial communication consisting of the inclusion of or computer address to a point of intersection, a service or the trade mark in that locationfrom so that is featured within a programme1. It is a form of advertisin g that is used in characterisations and TV shows where discolourationed harvest- beats argon rigid in a photographic film setting. It usually aims to be inconspicuous and be part of the scene so that the audience will see a product in the natural environment. intersection lieu practices also live in music videos, radio programs, video games, plays, novels etc.Placing branded products in entertainment media like word-paintings is not a new developed concept. thither is no doubt that the consumer is more likely to accept product side in pictorial matters compared to traditional advertisements. Product placement can add believability to a movie. It is easier to identify with a story or with a movie character when they used products familiar to everyday life.Product placement is a substitute for the traditional TV advertising. It has been used since the invention of the small screen. Product placement or brand placement appeared first in accomplishment pictures as early as th e late 1940s and early 1950s. bingle example was in 1948 in the movie Mildred Pierce where an actor drank diddlysquat Daniels whinsky. Since Reeses Pieces appeared in the movie E.T. The Extraterrestrial, over 20 years ago, product placement has developed and evolved signific antly. After the film realesed, Hersey claimed a 65% cast up in sales of Reeses Pieces candy. This success generate an intensified interest in product placement area which has led to the establishement of agencies that specialize in product placement. near of the company that provides product placement servicies are notional Film Production, Creative Artist, Krown Enterteinment, Norm Marshall Associates, Robert Kovologgs Associated Film Promotions, Unique Product Placement, Creative fun Servicies.2This agencies examine film scripts, search for appropriate settings in movies where their clients products can be position and then make suggestions to the film makers.The product placement in a movie can be as simple as a product being used in one scene (e.g. when a character uses a particular brand of beer or dotty drink), a brand being mentioned by a character in the story, or a logo visible in the background of a frame (e.g. when a brands logo is visible on a billboard or the side of a truck). At the separate extreme, a product placement can be an integral part of the movie. In the movie Youve got mail, AOL Internet service was an essential part of the movie and was connected to the bandage through out(p) the entire movie. The multifaceted nature of product placement makes it an interesting, complex, marketing practice.In any James Bond movies, the agent has al ways been drinking martini, driving luxuries cars, wearing the fanciest suits and the most pricey watches. James Bond movies are famous for being the ones with the biggest amount of product placement. They include mostly upscale range products.CinemaScoreTo determine how much a marketer should pay a movie producer for a pr oduct placement, Ed Mintz developed a sistem called CinemaScore which is similar to the Nielsen ratings in television advertising.CinemaScore is the industry lider in measuring movie appeal among theatre audiences. For over 34 years, CinemaScore has been polling moviegoers at major(ip)(ip) movie releases on opening night to collect demographic information and foretell a distinctive CinemaScore grade. A movies overall CinemaScore can range from A+ to F.For example, using the CinemaScore formula, they calculated a $28,130 placement fee for the placement of change state in Crocodile Dundee II based on projected $100,000 million revenues at the box office and remember data obtain from exit surveys.Types of product placement strategiesProduct placement strategies can be categorized by the mode of presentation (the senses activated by the stimulus) into tierce modes visual hardly (VIS), audio only (AUD) and combined audio-visual (AV). The first mode (VIS) involves showing a product, logo, billboard or some other visual brand identifier without any relevant pass or sounds on the audio track which impel attention to the product (e.g. Danny DeVito drinking Coors Light with the label clearly open(a) to the audience in Twins).The second mode involves the mention of a brand name or a character conveying brand-related messages in audio form, without showing the product on the screen (e.g. Martin Sheen yelling to a waitress Get this kid a Molson Light in besiege Street).The third mode (AV) involves showing a brand and at the corresponding time mentioning the brand name or conveying a brand-relevant message in audio form (e.g. the main character in Waynes knowledge domain saying the choice of a new generation before fetching a sip from a can of Pepsi).Placements in any of the three modes may be subtle or owing(p). Prominent placements are those in which the product (or other band identifier) is made highly visible by virtue of size and/or position on the screen or its centrality to the piddle in the scene. Subtle placements are those in which the brand is not shown prominently (e.g. small in size, a background pop out of doors of the main field of visual focus, lost in an array of quadruple products or objects, low time of exposure).Mode and prominence are relevant to the ease with which a product can be unified into a movie, and therefore the cost to the marketer of reaching an audience in this way. Of the three modes, VIS is the most frequently used, but it runs the risk that viewers will not attend to or recall the products presence in the scene in the absence of audio reinforcement. AV over get it on this problem, but it is the most expensive and difficult mode to accommodate. Similarly, subtle placement which can be incorporated into a scene as background and do not bespeak a plausible basis for the overt integration of the product into the action are relatively less costly than prominent depictions.A planetary trend in advert ising, product placement, is a vehicle for everything from foodstuffs to electronics or automobiles. So, how does it work exactly? Its actually pretty simple. Basically, there are three ways product placement can occurit simply happensit is arranged and a certain amount of the product serves as compensationit is arranged and there is financial compensationSometimes product placement just happens. A set dresser, producer, director or even an actor might come across something he thinks will enhance the project. Usually, this has to do with boosting the level of credibleness or realism of the story being told. One exemple can be found in the surprising use of a can of RAID- an ant killer made by the SC Johnson company- in an episode of the general HBO series The Sopranos. According to an article in USA Today, Therese Van Ryne, a spokeswoman for the SC Johnson, said that the company was not approached about the use of their product.The most common type of deal is a simple exchange of the product for the placement. Let supposing that someone of the crew knows someone who works for Honest Tea. The movie people approach the Honest Tea folks with a proposal and the deal is made in exchange of the airtime, the cast and crew are provided with an ample supply of Honest Tea drinks at work. Sometimes a gift of the product is not an appropriate form of compensation, so capital powers the deal.Why do they use product placement?To achieve prominent audience exposure, visibility, attention and interestTo increase brand awarenessTo increase consumer memory and recall of the brand/productTo create instant cite of the product/brand in the media vehicle and at the point of corruptTo bring desired change in consumers attitudes or overall valuation of the brandTo bring a change in the audiences purchase behaviorsProduct placement can have a significant way out on message receptivity. The sponsor of product placements is likely to gain goodwill by associating itself with a po pular program targeted to a specific audience. The more prospered the program, the longer shelf life of the product placement. Nielsen Media Research has shown that product placement in television shows can raise brand awareness by 20%.3Product placements can have a significant effect on recall. For example, memory improves when visual/auditory modality and plot lodge are congruent. Verbal and visual brand placements are better recall than placements having one or the other.To increase brand memory, brands should be prominently placed and be accompanied by an actor in films or television programs. Brand evaluations can become more positive when the placement is more editorial instead of commercial and when non-users of thebrand are reached. Behavior and behavioural intentions are influenced best when the audience has positive evaluations of brand placement, when placements are presented in editorial formats, and when placements are repeated.4ConclusionProduct placement is gaining more and more popularity and at the same time has turned into a huge, profitable telephone circuit for both the broadcasting companies and the producers. In the past decade product placement has become a very sophisticated business.Today, every movie contains product placement. While in the James Bond-Movies 007 drinks Martini, Will Smith drives a Porsche 911 Turbo in Bad Boys. There could be mentioned thousands of examples like thisI think product placement is an innovative way to advertise a product, Ray said. When you show the usefulness of your product by showing how it makes other peoples lives easier, youve created an advertisement that is invaluable. (Neuroscience major Andrew Ray)Douglas McKinley, an advertising professor at BYU, sees product placement as a necessary monetary help for a film industry.We have all come to accept product placement as a legalise way to help fund the movie, McKinley said. (Product placement can be) good if the product is written into the script so that it looks like part of the landscape.The next time you watch a movie try to keep an eye out for products or brand-names you recognize. It is highly likely that you will see one of the major soft drink companies represented. Once you spotted something, see how many other scenes include that product. You will start to see a trend. How, you will wonder, can the actor hold the Coke just the right way every time so that the logo is perfectly visible?

Reasons for Returning to College Essay -- Personal Narrative, Admissi

Returning back to school was a very natural decision for me. It seemed to be the next logical whole tone in my personal and career goals. My ultimate goal is to be glad and healthy and be a good provider and role model. With that garb aside for now, my next goal is to be fiscally st sufficient and able to provide for my family in ways that my family was not able to provide for me. I definitely expect to work for what I want and earn either bit of it. The most recent motivator was that my company was willing to commit a huge chunk of the yearly tuition, therefore removing some financial burden. This makes me feel like they truly care about my future and they genuinely want to see me succeed. I have several personal reasons for go to school. I take my personal goals very seriously. Some might differentiate that I am my own worst critic and I am very demanding on myself. I simply feel that I can and will do infract and I do not settle for anything but the best out of myself. U ltimately, I have to bouncing with myself and the decisions I make on a daily basis for the peace of mind of my life. I must fulfill my own personal goals otherwise I am not giving myself to others completely. I have very elapse and specific personal goals. To begin, I want to be financially stable. By having my degree, I want to be able to get a better job through a promotion thus making more(prenominal) money. I want to be able to help my child establish for college so he doesn?t have to struggle as hard as I did to put myself through school. Plus, m...

Archimedes :: essays papers

ArchimedesFew certain details remain slightly the life of antiquits grea footracemathematician, Archimedes. We know he was born in 287 B.C. aroundsiege of Syracuse from a report close to 1400 years after(prenominal) the fact. Archimedestells about his father, Pheidias, in his book The Sandreckoner.Pheidias was an astronomer, who was famous for being the author of atreatise on the diameters of the cheerfulness and the moon. Historians speculatethat Pheidias profession explains why Archimedes chose his career.Some scholars excite characterized Archimedes as an blue blood whoactively participated in the Syracusan court and may abide been relatedto the linguistic rule of Syracuse, King Hieron II. We also know Archimedes diedin 212 B.C. at the age of 75 in Syracuse. It is said that he was killedby a popish soldier, who was anger by Achimedes, while the Romansseized Syracuse.Archimedes had a wide categorization of interests, which included encompass statics, hydrostatics, optics , astronomy,engineering, geometry, and arithmetic. Archimedes had more than storiespassed down through history about his clever cheats than his mathematical theorems. This is believed to be so because the averagemind of that arrest would abide got no interest in the Archimedean spiral,but would pay management to an invention that could mint the earth.Archimedes? most famous story is attributed to a Roman architect on a lower floorEmperor Augustus, named Vitruvius. Vitruvius asked Archimedes to devisesome way to test the heaviness of a gold wreath. Archimedes wasunsuccessful until one day as he entered a full bath, he noticed thatthe deeper he go under into the bath, the more wet system flowed out of thetub. This made him realize that the amount of piss that flowed out ofthe tub was equal to the volume of the object being submerged. thence by position the wreath into the water, he could tell by the progression in water level the volume of the wreath, despite its irregu larshape. This breakthrough marked the equity of Hydrostatics, which states thata body immersed in fluid loses free weight equal to the weight of the amountof fluid it displaces.There are triad main mechanized inventions credited toArchimedes. The first one is the Archimedean screw which purportedly could serve as a water pump. The second invention was the complicated pulley. The third inventionwas the way of finding the volume of something by shimmy as exhibit in the story above. Most historians would agree that moreimportant than his gravid mechanical inventions were his mathematicaldiscoveries.The mathematical works that have been presented to us byArchimedes could be classified into three root words. The firstgroup consists of works that have as their major objective the proof ofArchimedes essays papersArchimedesFew certain details remain about the life of antiquits greatestmathematician, Archimedes. We know he was born in 287 B.C. aroundSyracuse from a report ab out 1400 years after the fact. Archimedestells about his father, Pheidias, in his book The Sandreckoner.Pheidias was an astronomer, who was famous for being the author of atreatise on the diameters of the sun and the moon. Historians speculatethat Pheidias profession explains why Archimedes chose his career.Some scholars have characterized Archimedes as an aristocrat whoactively participated in the Syracusan court and may have been relatedto the ruler of Syracuse, King Hieron II. We also know Archimedes diedin 212 B.C. at the age of 75 in Syracuse. It is said that he was killedby a Roman soldier, who was offended by Achimedes, while the Romansseized Syracuse.Archimedes had a wide variety of interests, which includedencompassing statics, hydrostatics, optics, astronomy,engineering, geometry, and arithmetic. Archimedes had more storiespassed down through history about his clever inventions than hismathematical theorems. This is believed to be so because the averagemind of that period would have no interest in the Archimedean spiral,but would pay attention to an invention that could move the earth.Archimedes? most famous story is attributed to a Roman architect underEmperor Augustus, named Vitruvius. Vitruvius asked Archimedes to devisesome way to test the weight of a gold wreath. Archimedes wasunsuccessful until one day as he entered a full bath, he noticed thatthe deeper he submerged into the tub, the more water flowed out of thetub. This made him realize that the amount of water that flowed out ofthe tub was equal to the volume of the object being submerged.Therefore by putting the wreath into the water, he could tell by therise in water level the volume of the wreath, despite its irregularshape. This discovery marked the Law of Hydrostatics, which states thata body immersed in fluid loses weight equal to the weight of the amountof fluid it displaces.There are three main mechanical inventions credited toArchimedes. The first one is the Archimedean screw whic h supposedly could serve as a water pump. The second invention was the compound pulley. The third inventionwas the way of finding the volume of something by displacement asdemonstrated in the story above. Most historians would agree that moreimportant than his great mechanical inventions were his mathematicaldiscoveries.The mathematical works that have been presented to us byArchimedes could be classified into three groups. The firstgroup consists of works that have as their major objective the proof of

Rousseau, Hobbes, and Locke : Interpretations of Human Nature Essay

Through time people support always wondered what it is that makes us who we are. It has been our merciful temperament that has kept us intrigued with ourselves, and our relationships with others. With this curio came various interpretations as to our human genius, each changing the way we hold the societal world we live in. With each interpretation came a infixed understanding of people and the relationship they hold with each other. Human constitution has been one of the most studied elements of the world we live in. From our personality came the take of how we as humans interact with each other, through with(predicate) the development of our nature some pretend served and others had ruled. Three philosophers that have focused their political ideas more or less human nature have abandoned a deeper meaning to their get of politics through the understanding of human nature. Each one of them had a distinctive interpretation of what human nature was and how it imp acted the politics of the specific society that they envisioned. It is hard to say that one of them holds the answers to the true essence of human nature but one can say that each of them has given an interesting and strong piece of the puzzle that has linked human nature to politics. The three philosophers in question are Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. I will be referring to them by their last name for simplicity. Starting with the philosophical views of each man we will see how they differ. It will be go by that each mans idea comes from a very unalike perspective on human nature. Thomas Hobbes thoughts on human nature derive from his childhood. According to Jean Hampton who wrote, She brought twins to birth, myself and fear at the homogeneous time (282) Hobbes believed that fear... ...fear. Lockes idea that everyone is born free is genuine for societies that have no established governments because even in his time there was a government. In b iblical times his idea would be office on but the transformation of peoples ideas has lead the changes in natural freedom. No one can control where they are born so they may be born in a not so free state. Finally Rousseaus idea that man is naturally good but corrupted by institutions is somewhat flawed because everyone makes choices to do or not do so people become corrupt through the choices they make in life. Through all this no one philosopher has the right answer to human nature but when we combine their ideas we get a solid way to a good solution that benefits many.Works CitedCahn, Steven M.. governmental philosophy the essential texts. 2nd ed. New York Oxford University Press, 2011. Print.

lorraine hansberry-an annotated bibliography :: essays research papers fc

Lorraine Hansberry An Annotated BibliographyLorraine Vivian Hansberry was born May 19, 1930 in clams and raised in a middle-class family. When Hansberry was only eight long time old she had her first bonk with civil rights. Her father fought a lengthy legal battle in the late 1930s against harsh covenants which kept Chicagos blacks in the ghettos. To make a statement the family move into an all unobjectionable neighborhood which was against the law at that time. The house was frequently vandalized and the children were faced with hostility as they walked to and from school. Hansberrys father fought the citys Jim Crow laws all the way to the Supreme Court and won. This whole experience would later serve as an inspiration for Lorraine Hansberrys play A raisin in the Sun.Hansberry attended the University of Wisconsin for two years and then examine painting in Chicago and Mexico, before she realized she had no natural endowment for it. Moving to brisk York in 1950, she held ma ny jobs, while perfecting her skill as a writer. Hansberry said, A woman who is willing to be herself and pursue her take in potential runs not so much the risk of loneliness as the challenge of exposure to more interesting men- and people in world-wide. She became involved in the civil rights movement and married a white jewish man their marriage would only last a hardly a(prenominal) years before Hansberry began exploring her feelings for women. She joined the Daughter of Blitis, a pioneering lesbian formation and had two letters published in their journal, The Ladder. However, it was for her play A Raisin in the Sun, that she received her praise.Hansberry was the first black to direct a play on Broadway since 1907. A Raisin in the Sun won the New York Drama Critics Circle Award. Hansberry was also named

Feminist Perspective of John Steinbeck’s The Chrysanthemums Essay

A Feminist Perspective of magic Steinbecks The Chrysanthemums John Steinbeck, in his short study The Chrysanthemums depicts the trials of a woman attempting to gain world-beater in a mans world. enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay Allen tries to define the boundaries of her role as a woman in such a closed society. While her milieu is portrayed as a tool for social repression, it is finished genius in her garden where enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay gains and shows off her index finger. As the story progresses, Elisa has trouble extending this power outside of the shut in that surrounds her garden. In the end, Elisa learns tho does non readily accept, that she possesses a feminine power weak for the time, not the masculine one she had tried so hard to achieve through its imitation. The work begins with a look at the storys setting. The Chrysanthemums was written in 1938, and the story takes place roughly around the same time. It is winter in Salinas Va lley, California. The nigh prominent feature is the gray-flannel indistinctness which hid the valley from the rest of the world (396). The mountains and valleys and leaf and overcast encapsulate everything inside as a closed atomic pile (396). Inside this shut-off habitat the environment is trying to change. Just as the parenters atomic number 18 waiting for an unlikely rain, Elisa and all women are hopeful for a change in their enclosed lives. Steinbecks foreshadows, It was a time of noneffervescent and waiting (396). The action of the story opens with Elisa Allen working in her garden. She is meet by a wire fence, which physically is there to protect her flowers from the farm animals. This barrier symbolizes her life she is fenced in from the real world, from a mans world. It is a smaller, on-earth adaptation of the environment in which they live. This mans... ...mean she couldnt still be strong. The peddlers business of selling his overhaul of fixing pots closes wome n out of his world just as natural fog closes of the valley. Although we hope her tears can be compared to the pruning she does to her precious chrysanthemums, snippet them backed for future and stronger growth, Steinbeck leaves the reader questioning the future for women. Elisas tears leave not rid the valley of the fog, for as Steinbeck tells us in the beginning, fog and rain do not go together (396). While Elisa will continue to dominate her immediate surrounding inside the fence using her power from nature, but she will not gain power outside of it, in a mans world. Work CitedSteinbeck, John. The Chrysanthemums. Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. sixth ed. New York Harper Collins, 1995.

Animal Farm: Strong Vs Weak :: Animal Farm Essays

The pigs had objectives other than the benefits and the good of the other beasts. On the contrary, their objectives were to use, conquer, and capitalize on them. integrity of the conflicts in Animal Farm is the strong against the lightsome. The strong are the pigs and the weak are in all the other animals. There are two primary(prenominal) offenders of the weak forty winks and the pigs in general. cat sleep was a tyrant. It is very likely Napoleon and the other pigs were conspiring to transport over Animal Farm so that they could take advantage of the situation of having many animals at their disposal. Although, Napoleon played a very important role in the assault on the weak. Napoleon most likely was the originator of all the decisions that go against the morals of the animal society. He is the one that initiated the violation of established resolutions, and concealed it by repair the resolutions. What satisfied his pleasure is what took precedence over everything-the animal s, honesty, commandments, etc. He gave himself the character for every good thing, without any recognition to the other animals, much(prenominal) as the building of the windmill, and the victory of the Battle of the Windmill. In addition, he is the one that altogether transformed the farm into the same or worse way it was in the hands of Man. He made the pigs mimic Man adopted all its bad habits which were against the animals, with the exception of the pigs. The other pigs were also involved in pickings advantage of the weak.The other aspect that was against the weak is that the pigs in general clear took advantage of their leadership to exploit the other animals. This could be proven nine-fold times, starting from nearly the beginning of the story. Even when Snowball, a good guy, was fluent in the picture, this (exploitation) was happening by the pigs deceiving the other animals to hog all the apple crop. The pigs gave the other animals little food, while they lived a lavish lifestyle. They lied to the animals by telling them lies about their memories, and giving them false information for their own benefits such as, for example, equality in rations would be contrary to the principles of Animalism. They over nominateed the animals while they did not work laboriously, and used them for money.

Ireland Essay -- essays research papers

IrelandIreland is a dispirited island first settled in early 6000BC. Its located to the west of Europe decision to Great Britain. Through history Ireland has had many different influences and has been occupied by different types of people.In the early years, the Celtic people known as Gaels settled Ireland. This was sometime between 600 and 150BC. Gaelic people had many small kingdoms that were separated yet they all shared the common language of Gaelic. The Brehons unploughed order throughout Ireland, these were men that kept peace and made certainly common rules and laws were followed. This system of independent ruling worked longer in Ireland than in other parts of Europe because nobody tried to conquer Ireland wherefore there was no outside influence. During the Medieval time period in Ireland came the development of Celtic Christianity, they introduced St. Patrick into their religion. The Tuath(150 small kingdoms in Ireland) still remained and continued to make without E uropean influence. The dark ages of Europe were the golden ages of Ireland. During this time period Ireland direct St. Columba and St. Columban into Europe, many manuscripts and books were written and religious arts and artistic achievements took place. In 1014the Irish Tuath formed an alliance against the invading Vikings and won. Brian Boru who was a king of adept of the Tuatha kingdoms led the alliance. In 1171 England began its conquest to establish a co...

Cry, the Beloved Country, by Alan Paton :: Cry, The Beloved Country Essays

The novel Cry the Beloved Country is ground on the true-life story of to the south African apartheid, and the natives push for equality. During the book, Stephen Kumalo goes on a journey to find his sister, and his son, for they fork out left the tribal land of KwaZulu-Natal a long time ago, and neither Kumalo nor his wife keep back heard of the whereabouts of either family members. As he goes on his journey, the things that he sees, and experiences speciate the much greater story of Apartheid in South Africa. When Kumalo arrives in the city, he is in the midst of the poverty and confusion that is the great city of Johannesburg where large number from all the native tribes go to find jobs, money, and housing among other things. He sees everything that is exit on around him, all the oppression that his people take a leak to go through, and the way they are treated. When he went and found his sister, she was living in horrible conditions, and this really was the way that most black people lived. They had their own part of the city, with their own schools, and their own busses, because the apartheid issue was so strong. By going along with Kumalo we, the reader, see how harsh everyday life is for the natives of South Africa. date Kumalo was on his journey, he passed through the shantytowns where only black South Africans lived, and the busses that they were impinging against. We see how difficult it is to go through everyday life as a black person, and how hard it is to get from place to place if you do not know all the right people. This is the way that true South African life was for most people who lived there. It was not a heavy situation for anyone to be in. There was much disease being parcel out throughout, and in the awfully crowded living conditions it was hard to escape it. some other example of the apartheid that was shown through Kumalos journey was the example of the bus strike. no(prenominal) of the natives agreed to take the bus for as long as they would have to pay outrageous rates.

School Clothes Essay -- School Uniforms Clothing Dress Codes Essays

School wearing apparel I strongly gestate that children should come with an bidding manual in different languages, after all, rase the most complicated computer system or VCR has a manual in three to four languages, or more. Granted, sometimes we cant empathise the directions, but we have them and sometimes even a toll-free garter line. Now some people would say their own p bent would be the help-line but not always does that work out. Our own parents advice can be, shall I say, out-dated for example, many would suggest to us new parents to tell our child, what we say goes, or stop that crying or Ill give you something to cry about, or do it because Im the parent and I said so, not the desired tone for convinced(p) interaction with our children. So often parents today are left with either, no instructions at all, or, not the right kind of instructions. The school imperativeness dilemma for parents is void of instructions. The mandatory school uniform-code would be t he best instruction manual entry available and to prove this point Ill explore the instruction manual first and continue with presenting facts about school uniforms and their positive do on parents and children and schools. Lets take a closer look at a possible entry in the instruction manual for parents School Clothes, Whats satisfying And Whats Not. First the entry would tell us how the exchange should go with your child parent, Time to wake up sweetheart. Heres your freshly pressed shirt and trousers, and your chocolate-brown belt, some matching socks, and your newly cleaned tennis shoes. Child, Oh, swell mom, thanks. Im so pleasurable you ironed my favorite shirt. Ill be down in a nictitation to have breakfast. Okay, so now for reality. The aurora routine probably is quasi(prenominal) to mine which sounds more like an episode from Law and Order or else than Leave it to Beaver. I wake my child cheerfully every morning and the usual response, no matter how or when I wake him, is groan, grunt, whine, and ugh. This bomb of pleasant noises is followed by the sweet melody of Im so sleepy or I cant get up, Im tired or Not now. Then the gambol really starts picking out the days wardrobe. We start with the usual negotiations which pants, and which shirt. Our negotiations entail which items are clean, my idea of clean is completely different from my sons, and which style... ...antly favor children in a school uniform. I support the school uniform code philosophy, because I favor a focus on academia, and a strong awareness of school spirit and unity, a positive scholastic environment, building self-assertion from achievements, cost effective clothing budget, and, of course, a head-ache free morning. Works CitedAtkins, Andrea and Jeremy Scholsberg. dressed to the nines(p) to Learn. Better Homes and Gardens. Aug. 199644+.Forest, Stephanie Anderson. change to Drill School Uniforms are tropical - And Merchants Are Cashing In. Business Week . 8 Sep. 1997 40.Gursky, Daniel. Uniforms Improvement. Education Digest. 61.7 (Mar. 1996) 46-48.Japanese Consulate of San Francisco. Personal Interview. 29 April 1998.Mancini, Gail Hinchion. School Uniforms Dressing For Success or Conformity? Education Digest. 63.4 (Dec. 1997) 62-65.Pushkar, Katherine. Dressed For Success. Village Voice. 40.,3 (17 Jan. 1995) 12.School Uniforms? New York. January 26. National Review. 26 Feb. 199671.Tachibana, Judy. School Clothes? All The Same To Some Uniform Policy Isnt Uniform In Region, But Trend Grows. The Sacramento Bee. 21 Aug. 1996 B1+.

Beloved and Numerology Essay -- essays papers

near and Numerology In literature, rime atomic number 18 employ to communicate essential messages to the reader. The author uses references to metrical composition to strengthen the important ideas of the novel. In many another(prenominal) cultures numbers carry an important or significant heart and soul to them. These numbers can carry a meaning more efficiently than using only words. In good, Toni Morrison uses references to numbers to emphasize the significant ideas of the novel. Morrison uses these numbers to represent the persistence of slavery brought upon in Sethes life, her childrens life, capital of Minnesota D.s life, and Baby Suggs life, afterward slavery has ended. These references to numbers atomic number 18 important because they show how these characters atomic number 18 affected after it has ended. Through physical means, with the actions of these characters, and through psychological means of these characters, Morrison shows the haunting conti nuation and aftereffects of slavery.In many novels the scratch line conviction is the most important sentence in the novel. The first sentence can set the way for the re chief(prenominal)der of the novel. In Beloved the first sentence, and first word of the entire novel uses numbers. Because numbers are utilize first, before any words, I find that the references to numbers are very important. 124 is in the first sentence on the first page. The sentence states, 124 WAS SPITEFUL (Morrison 3). This sentence is in all capital letters and besides bold print. This shows an importance that this reference to numbers has on the novel. This number used on the page sets up the haunting story of slavery in one particular black household. The number refers to the house number in which the main characters live in. This house, 124, is haunted by the ghost of the baby of the main ch... ...acters, through physical aspects and through psychological aspects. 124 and the two different representat ions of Beloved is the physical aspect of enslavement. The different actions of the characters that live in 124 represent the reproduce of roles of slavery. And the trinity represents a psychological aspect to show these characters still think, mentally, that they are slaves. The references to numbers also let the characters realize that they should not feel enslaved anymore. Because of the numbers that Morrison it both ties the characters directly back to act and think as a slave, and the numbers let the characters know that they should not be enslaved any longer. Morrison uses the references to numbers to strengthen the idea that the haunting continuation of slavery persisted even after slavery ended.Works CitedMorrison, Toni. Beloved. New York Plume, 1988

Ants, Little But Mighty :: essays research papers

emmets, Little but MightyWhat is an emmet? Ants atomic number 18 insects, they go for six legsand individu entirelyy leg has three joints. Ants legs be really strong. With its weeny legs it can lift twenty-five judgment of conviction its own personateweight. They have two stomachs. One stomach holds its aliment, and the trice holds food to be shared out with other emmets. The out side of their body is covered with a unwaveringlyarmor. This is called the exoskeleton. Ants have fourgrowing stages, the egg, larva, pupa, and the adult. on that pointare over 100,000 make outn species of ants. Each ant colonyhas at least one or to a greater extent queens. The queens job is to fix bollock. How does she start hercolony? intumesce in the spring all the males and sassy-fashioned goqueens fall in there nest and fly risque in the air and mate.The hardly a(prenominal) ant queens that survive this jointure flight cast mangle there wings and instinctively flummox to look for a glare tostart a new ant colony. later making a nest, the young queen ant seals forth theentrance and begins to lay eggs. or so of the first batch areeaten by the queen for nourishment. When the survivingeggs hatch they become like larvae. After a few weeks eachlarva spins a cocoon around itself and pupates. In a fewmore weeks, adult workers emerge. It is their job to huntfor food and make the nest bigger. much workers provide die and the colony gets veryorganized. The new workers will alone take over ascaretakers of the eggs, larvae, and pupae. at once the queensonly affair is to lay more and more eggs, thousands of themin her lifetime. Many wingless workers develop and help toenlarge the nest into an intricate network of tunnels andchambers that will eventually house thousands of ants.When the colony becomes tumesce established, the queenbegins to lay some eggs that develop into queens andmales. It takes a few years forrader a colony becomes large adequacy to send out winged males and young queens to startnew colonies. The cycle will right away begin all over again.Ant nests come in all shapes and sizes. One tropicalspecies reinforced a nest that extended forty feet below thesurface of the ground. Another species built a nets thatcovered an playing field the size of a tennis court. Ants know thebest time to induce a nest, thats after it rains. The demote soilis easier to work with. Their are many chambers in an antsnest. well-nigh rooms are utilise to store the food. Some are apply for storage of ant eggs.Ants, Little But Mighty essays research written document Ants, Little but MightyWhat is an ant? Ants are insects, they have six legsand each leg has three joints. Ants legs are very strong. With its little legs it can lift twenty-five time its own bodyweight. They have two stomachs. One stomach holds itsfood, and the second holds food to be shared with otherants. The out side of their body is covered with a hardarmor. This is called the exoskeleton. Ants have fourgrowing stages, the egg, larva, pupa, and the adult. Thereare over 100,000 cognize species of ants. Each ant colonyhas at least one or more queens. The queens job is to lay eggs. How does she start hercolony? Well in the spring all the males and young wingedqueens leave there nest and fly high in the air and mate.The few ant queens that survive this marriage flight castoff there wings and instinctively begin to look for a spot tostart a new ant colony.After making a nest, the young queen ant seals off theentrance and begins to lay eggs. Some of the first batch areeaten by the queen for nourishment. When the survivingeggs hatch they become like larvae. After a few weeks eachlarva spins a cocoon around itself and pupates. In a fewmore weeks, adult workers emerge. It is their job to huntfor food and make the nest bigger.More workers will develop and the colony gets veryorganized. The new workers will completely take over ascaretakers of the eggs, larvae , and pupae. Now the queensonly duty is to lay more and more eggs, thousands of themin her lifetime. Many wingless workers develop and help toenlarge the nest into an intricate network of tunnels andchambers that will eventually house thousands of ants.When the colony becomes well established, the queenbegins to lay some eggs that develop into queens andmales. It takes a few years before a colony becomes largeenough to send out winged males and young queens to startnew colonies. The cycle will now begin all over again.Ant nests come in all shapes and sizes. One tropicalspecies built a nest that extended forty feet below thesurface of the ground. Another species built a nets thatcovered an area the size of a tennis court. Ants know thebest time to build a nest, thats after it rains. The damp soilis easier to work with. Their are many chambers in an antsnest. Some rooms are used to store the food. Some areused for storage of ant eggs.

Free Essays: The World is Far From Perfect in Candide :: Candide essays

The World is Far From Perfect in Candide     Candide is a great globe that has encountered and accomplished many an(prenominal) things. Candide has traveled far and wide through reveal his quest. He has encountered many things. He has been treated poorly by the political science by being flogged multiple times by a twain thousand-man army. To have his teacher lynched in front of his very eyes. He has met many people in his quest some nice and some non nice. Over both he was reunited with his friends and his true love. Voltaires illustrate disenchantment of the ancient do though Candides dealings with the church, government and the people.   Voltaires illustrates his disenchantment of the grey-haired order through Candides dealing with the church. As an old man states,Religion why of course we have a holiness (Voltaire 79). He states that he believes in one religion. He strongly stresses that there is only one religion that he and his people believe in and no others are accepted. The old man also states, We never pray, we have nonhing to ask of god, since he has given us everything we need (Voltaire 79). They the people of Eldorado are affirmatory because they have all they need, but you will never have all you need. You will always need something you will never be complete. both(prenominal) people through out his quests believed in one way of emotional state and no other.   Voltaires disenchantment of the old order through Candides dealings with the government. As Candide states He was an admiral, but why execute the admiral because he did not have enough deaths to his credit. (Voltaire 111) They expect their soldiers to live up to their expectations by kill a certain amount of people. It should not be determined on the amount of people you kill, but by the way you use your government agency to conquer other countries. Cunegondes brother states The rulers of Paraguay accept as few Spanish Jesuit as they can. (Voltaire 66) The government is not in the right by choosing certain people to enter their country. Their government is racially selective, they do not want people entering their country that are not the alike(p) race or religion. Through out Candides quests the government has caused him many hardships.

Descartes Meditations Essay -- Philosophy Doubt Meditations Descartes

Descartes MeditationsIn Descartes meditations, Descartes begins what Bernard Williams has c every tolded the project of pure enquiry to discover an conspicuous inclose or foundation to base his knowledge on, by subjecting every melt offg to a kind of scepticism now know as Cartesian doubtfulness. This is known as foundationalism, where a philosopher basis all epistemological knowledge on an indubitable premise. Within meditation one Descartes subjects all of his beliefs regarding sensory data and even world to the strongest and most hyperbolic of doubts. He invokes the nonion of the all powerful, malign demon who could be deceiving him regarding sensory experience and even his appreciation of the simplest mathematical and logical truths in order to attain an indubitable premise that is epistemologically formidable. In meditation one Descartes has three beas of doubt, doubt of his own existence, doubt of the existence of immortal, and doubt of the existence of the external world. Descartes knowledge of these three areas are subjected to three types of scepticism the first where he believes that his senses are beingness snitchd these senses play me false, and it is prudent never to trust entirely those who have once deceived us. The second of the forms of scepticism revolves around whether Descartes is dreaming or not I see so clearly that there are no conclusive signs by means of which one can distinguish between being awake and being asleep. The aforementioned malign demon was Descartes trio method of doubt as he realised paragon would not deceive him. Descartes search for an underlying foundational premise ends when he realises he exists, at least when he thinks he exists doubtless, then, that I exist and, let him deceive me as he may, he can never bring it approximately that I am nothing, so long as I shall be conscious that I am nearthing. So that it must, in fine, be maintained, all things being maturely and carefully considered, that this proposition I am, I exist, is of necessity true each time it is expressed by me or conceived in my mind. This short letter I think therefrom I am is Descartes cogito argument as in Latin it is cogito ergo sum. The cogito argument raises some difficulties, as when thinking results in existence not thinking should therefore result in non-existence leaving the problem of returning to thought from non-existence. Descartes could ... ...stence of God to a satisfactory degree, however this was not the case so kinda his proof of the existence of corporeal things is clouded by a thin veil of theology.Descartes attempts to extricate himself from his sceptical doubts of the meditations had a varying degree of success, his doubt of his own existence was well surmounted with the indubitable cogito argument. The second of his doubts, that of the existence of God was not extricated as successfully with the unconvincing trademark argument and the out of date ontological argument. Descartes th en went on to tackling his doubt regarding the existence of the external world, which was done well but was based on the fishy proofs for the existence of God. Descartes may not have proven the existence of God or the existence of the external world however he did bring out a new style of philosophy in which he assay to base all of his epistemological knowledge (or beliefs) on a genius indubitable premise, this style of philosophy now known as foundationalism has been and is even used by philosophers today at great credit to Descartes, Rene Descartes turn out himself within this book to be the father of modern philosophy.

Affirmative Action - The Battles Against Race-based Educational Plans E

Affirmative Action - The Battles Against Race-Based Educational Plans Californias decision in 1996 to outlaw the physical exercise of race in worldly concern college access codes was widely viewed as the beginning of the end for affirmative fill at national universities all over the fall in States. But in the four years since Californians passed trace 209, most states sur dedicate agreed that killing affirmative action outright would deepen companionable inequality by denying minority citizens access to luxuriouslyer education. The half-dozen states that atomic number 18 very thinking about abandoning race-sensitiveadmissions policies are themselves finding that the still way to flesh out the minority presence in college without such policies is to improve dramatically the public schools that most shady and Latino students attend. As a result, these states are keeping a close eye on California, Texas and Florida, where pctage systems have sprung up to repla ce affirmative action. Under these systems, students who achieve a specified be in their high school graduatingclasses are guaranteed admission to state colleges. In California, for example, the so-called 4 percent plan guarantees college admission to everyone in the cover song 4 percent of high school graduating classes statewide. Minority registration, which crashed after Proposition 209 passed, has rebounded at thesecond-tier colleges. But the decline has continued at the flagship colleges, U.C.L.A. and Berkeley -- largely because the high schools in black and Latino neighborhoods routinely fail to offer the modernistic placement courses that are readily available inwhite neighborhoods and that are taken into account when the elite colleges make admissions decisions. The American Civil Liberties coupler of Southern California has challenged this arrangement in a class-action lawsuit. Having eliminated the race-sensitive policies that once equilibrize for these ine qualities, California is now being forced to deal withthe inferior public schools that made those policies necessary. The University of Texas has learned a similar lesson since a federal romance ruling forced it to abandon race-based admissions policies in 1996. Black and Latino enrollment dipped precipitously in the first year, but rose once more after the legislature passed alaw guaranteeing college admission to all students who grad in the ... ...no children to fall behind. Gov. Jeb Bush of Florida is currently embroiled in a fight over an executive order that outlaws race-based admissions at the state universities -- charm guaranteeing admissions to the top 20 percent of high school classes. Mr. Bushs order was meant to render moot a ballot initiative on affirmative action that Republicans feared would heighten black turnout in this years presidential election. The 20 percent rule seemed non-controversial and even generous -- until Governor Bush found that close to two-thirds of additional black students who might benefit from the rule had been so overleap in high school that they had failed to graduate with the necessary credits for admission to the state university system. The state is now pushing public schools that serve black students to provide better course offerings. What all these states have learned is that the only real way to make race-sensitive policies unnecessary is to guarantee black and Latino children from poor communities a realistic chance at a becoming education that prepares them for college. To kill the policies before those guarantees are in place is to apostrophize civic disaster.