Business in context

What responses do you defecate to the reading or goggle box e. G. light understandings, opinions, Insights or questions? What connections does the related additional reading or motion picture have with the unavoidable reading or video? How does It reinforce or reassessment the ideas In the required reading/evolved? This reading presents us the flack of utilitarianism, trustworthy brio cases that related to utilitarianism, three common mistakes that people usually gain ground when they applying Utilitarianism and the difficulties of measuring service.Case 1 When Ford motor company was having dilemma of modifying pintos throttle tank or keep the original design, they chose to use utilitarian approach to calculate the utility of tooth options and the result Is cost over benefit, so they chose to pretend their customers lives rather than correcting their scant(p)ly designed cars. Case 2 Lawrence summers The director of the washrag house wrote a memo that proposed shipping wastes form rich countries to little countries is a beneficial action to worlds welf are and he make 4 arguments and I think the first 3 are supported by utilitarianism. Understandings utilitarianism support that the right action is one that produces the most utility and minimizing the negatives, and the utility that reduced by the action Is non unless for the person execute the action further also for all person involved in the action. Question In the end of the reading it clearly states that health and life is beyond measuring, further Ford company and Lawrence they are putting a price on each person. Is not it would considering as an UN-ethical action? If it is not because I think we are nothing solely slaves In this world.In my opinion the additional video is not quit related to the required reading. Peter singers ethics says that every Individual has their profess interests and It Is perfectly usual that we want to spend our money on expensive reduces under our own des ires, but it will be considering as ethical action if a person spend money on contributing the would instead of acquire luxuries. And he also states that the purpose of life is making the world a better place by ones actions and presence. tantalize 2 Required interpret Reference Shaw, W. Barry, B. & Sandburs, G. (2009). Moral issues In business (1st Asia-Pacific De. ). Melbourne, Australia Coinage (Kantian ethics). Up 71-78 Lecture 2 Dilation Reading Reference California Newsreel. (2008, December 2). wellness for Sale . Retrieved from http// www. Youth. Com/watch? V=Jukeboxes Record a brief comment of what the required reading was about. What responses do you have to the reading or video e. G. Fresh understandings, opinions, insights or questions?What connections does the related additional reading or video have with the required reading or video? How does It reinforce or critique the Ideas In the required reading/evolved? Kantian ethics consequences are, and the doer must moti ve by good wills. An action might looks comparable an ethical action but if it was motive by self-interests or there concerns then this action will be considering as lack of example worth (recording to the shop assistant case) Formulate an universal natural law that applies on all our actions is what Kant wanted.And this categorical imperative rule is the measurement of ethic or UN-ethic. Understanding After reading this article I realized that everything we do has a propose, if the foundation of the propose is good will then it is ethical, but if the propose is not based on good will then it is not ethical. Question What if an action is following ones good will but in the same time it might break the universal law? This video is about UN-ethical behaviors of the world pharmaceutical market. 5% of drags were used on 11% of the people who need them and can afford them, But only 15% of drags were used on 89% of people who need them but do not have the money to buy them. And some dr ags are no longer producing because the people who need them could not afford them, the poor people are not the target of pharmaceutical market. This kind of behaviors is UN-ethical because drags were meant to assist people not only focus on making profit, companies ignore the poor is not an action of good will recording to Kantian theory.

Mcdonalds Global Perspective

McDonalds effectuation of genuine Strategic Plan Synopsis This is a two rascal APA citation style essay on Manage handst at McDonalds. at that place are eleven sources cited in this essay. The historical thinker whose successes will be correlated to McDonalds strategicalal plan is black lovage the expectant. The elements involved in organisational strategic planning will be explored. Introduction The strategic plan of McDonalds has gained worldwide success over the past lxx years of its existence. (McDonalds, 2012).Mcdonalds is a worldwide brand which has achieved planetary learning of its brand and products. McDonalds began as McDonalds Bar- B-Q Restaurant in San Bernardino, CA in 1940. Today McDonalds is a premier global restaurant brand with 330,000 franchises. The McDonalds franchises attend to over 64,000,000 customers on a daily basis in over 118 countries (McDonalds, 2012)Alexander the Great was a historical thinker who started with a small military force of only 4 0,000 men and ruled over an empire which extended from the Mediterranean to China.Alexander the Great realised this by the application of transactional, transformational and laissez faire leading (Kilfoil, n. d Eagley et al. , 2003). Effectively Implementing a Current Strategic Plan in an Organization Both Mcdonalds and Alexander the Great have gained their successes by application of seven identifiable leaders endeavors which are components of strategic leadership. These components with regards to efficient outline implementation are ? Researching a plan of action. ? Formulating a plan of action. Ascertaining strategic orientation including leadership roles. ? ladder equitable organisational limits. ? Efficiently administration of the organisational assets, revenues and liabilities. ? Maintenance of an organisational perspective. ? Promotion of organizational values and ethics (Joomla & cardinalie, 2009). These are components of McDonalds organizational administration (McDon alds, 2012). Alexander the Great also applied hard-hitting organizational attention techniques (Kilfoil, n. d. ). In order to properly allocate resources, proper data and research must be acquired.The data for these population studies may be analyzed by application of bar graphs, charts or scatter plots in order to effectively assess data (McCoy & Kinyua, 2012). The elements of organizational culture consists of the corporeal domains of its framework, semantic regional expressions, ceremonial observances, historical antecedents, belief systems, ethics and psychic models. The best manner of shaping corporate culture to fit strategy is to continuously train and educate employees (McShane- Von Glinow, 2002).In exercising strategic leadership, the application of transactional , transformational and laissez faire leadership models are required for the strategic leadership of an organization (Eagly et al, 2003(. Alexander the Great realized the importance of entertaining his military force with recreational activities *Kilfoil, n. d. ). In order to build a capable organization, the organization must be able to apply leverage to the members aptitudes along with the elements of administration, social organization and accountability processes and methodologies (Lewis, n. d. . Strategic implementation is the procedure of enabling the organizational management techniques. It is the aggregate of the occupations and perspectives required for the effective implementation of a strategic image (Khaliq, 2011). Best practices are defined by the precise application of aptitudes, implements and strategies which peck facilitate the potential of success in a wide range of organizational endeavors. This consists of an empirical process which is supported by organizational consensus. on that point are five elements to carrying out strategic roles.These elements are processes, individuals, compliance with restrictive statutes, effective administration and the efficient appli cation of technological resources (Span, 2012). A properly planned extrinsic motivational implementation model is enable organizational managers to provide the most effective tool for encouraging organizational committedness in order to carry out the organizational management objectives (Thompson, 2009). outcome The Mcdonalds organization and the Grecian Empire of Alexander the Great were two able to expand by considering the needs of their members along with the rganizational objectives. The employees and members enable the effective implementation of management policy. In the effective application of strategic leadership with strategy implementation, the empirical outcome has been shown to be successful (Jooste & Fourie, 2009). References Eagly, A. (2003) Transformational, Transactional, and laissez faire leadership styles a meta analysis comparing men and women. Psychol Bull 2003 Jul 128(4) 569- 91 http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/12848221 Jooste, C. & Fourie, B. 2009) T he role of strategic leadership in effective strategy implementation Perception of siemens African strategic leaders. South African Business Review, 13(3) http//www. ajol. info/index. php/sabr/ denomination/viewfile/76341/6679 Khaliq, N. (2011) Business Policy and Strategy http//www. scribd. com/doc/52995555/Business-policy-and-straegy-implemtation Kilfoil, E. (n. d) Alexander the Great http//atschool. eduweb. co. uk/sirrobhitch /ezra. hypertext markup language Lewis, K. (n. d. ) The Project Capable Organization White Paper Lewis and Fowler, LLC http//www. ewisandfowler. com/white_papers/L%26F_Proj_capable_Org. pdf McCoy, D. & Kinyua, K. (2012) Allocating remarkable Resources Strategically- An Evaluation and discussion of the Global Funds Pattern of Disbursements PLoS ONE whitethorn 7(5) 1- 4 Mcdonalds Food Corp. (2012) History http//www. aboutmcdonalds. com McShane, S. & Von Glinow, M. (2002) Organizational Behavior, Part Four Organizational Processes McGraw Hill Companies, 2002 http//www. govrelations. cornell. edu/govrelations/pdf/upload/organizational_behavior behavor_MCShane_Chap15_VIEW. df Span, S. (2012) Where Are We Going and How Do We notice There? Conducting Strategic Planning Tolere Solutions HR. com http//www. hr. com/en? t=/ s Thompson, A. (2009) Strategia aziendale- Formulazione ed ezecuzione McGraw Hill Companies http//www. ateneonline. it/thompson/studenti/approfondimenti/isbn6622-3_ch12. pdf Weeraretne, D. (2010) Project Management Best Practices- for continuous improvement The sunlight Times, Education http//www. sundattimes. lk/100221/Education/edu05. html

Peak Oil and Energy Security Essay

goose egg tribute means having access to the requisite volumes of free competency at low- be prices in association with national aegis and the availability of natural resources for qualification consumption. From the perspective of a government concerned and the management of strategic interests, vital force pledge implies depicted object policies and standby measures that keep be implemented in the event of a contribute disruptionand at a cost that its citizens consider reasonable. Such measures include free nada cater diversification and a certain volume of might stock. Definitions of vitality SecurityThe International free might Agency (IEA) definitions of pushing security measures stimulate foc customd on the adequate make turn out of zippo at a reasonable cost, and endure referred to heftiness security to be just another way of avoiding grocery distortions (IEA, 1995). The underlying belief of these definitions is that smoothly functioning internatio nal energy marts forget deliver a secure adequate, affordable and reliable supply of energy (IEA, 2002). IEA has claimed that energy security always consists of both a physical unavailability component and a price component, although their relative importance depends on the market structure (IEA, 2007). The European Commissions Green Paper (EC 2000) states that energy security similarly entails respecting environmental concerns and working towards sustainable cultivation. They clarify that the security of supply does not seek to maximize energy self-sufficiency or to minimize dependence, but aims to reduce the risks linked to such dependence. aught plays an fundamental role in the national security of any given rural area as a fuel to power the economic engine. Access to seedy energy has survive essential to the functioning of modern economies. The modern homo relies on a vast energy supply to fuel everything from conveyance of title to communication, to security and hea lth delivery systems. Some sectors rely on energy more heavily than others for example, the Department of Defense relies on oil for closely 77% of its energy needs. The emergence uncertainties roughly stability and security that know in the global energy market acquire fuelled the need for nations to have a comprehensive energy security strategy. Energy security is alike essential for the economic growth and development ofcountries as energy in-security tooshie hamper the productive activities in the providence as easily as undermine consumer welfare.Rapid urbanization and rising middle-class incomes around the valet have led to explosive growth in electricity solicit. Thus, to the growing urban communities, energy security simply means keeping the lights on. Chester (2010) lists pentad fundamental aspects that characterize energy security. Firstly, energy security is ab emerge the management of risk the risk of uninterrupted, unavailable energy supplies the risk of stingy capacity to meet occupy the risk of unaffordable energy prices the risk of trustfulness on unsustainable sources of energy. These risks whitethorn be instanced callable to energy market instabilities, proficient failures or physical security threats. Secondly, the definition of energy security may be framed to reflect a countrys energy mix, the abundance of local resources and import dependence.Thirdly, the depot energy security reflects a concept of strategic intent, implying that energy security is not a form _or_ system of government in itself, but that specific policies have to be adopted by governments to achieve the objectives of energy security. Fourthly, energy security has temporal dimensions the risks and threats to physical supply differ across short, medium and long-term horizons. Short-term risks include terrorism attacks and technical failures. Long-term risks, on the other hand, concern the adequacy of supply to meet get and adequacy of infrastructure to deliver supply to markets. Fifthly, the term energy security has to be applied keeping in listen the meaning(a) differences between the oil, gas, thermonuclear and other energy markets and infrastructure.As energy is essential for the economic growth and development of a country, it has come to be recognized as a strategic commodity. This is because any dubiousness in its supply evoke threaten the effective functioning of an economy (Sahir and Qureshi, 2007). It therefore becomes an imperative for a country to ensure secure energy supplies at affordable rates. This crudely defines the idea of energy security. Threats to energy security include 1. The political instability (tensions in Northern Iraq, southern Sudan, the Niger Delta and the East Mediterranean as examples of how rivalry for energy resources can cause instability) of several energy producing countries. Energy should be a motor for development and cooperation, not a source of conflict, said Mr. Terje Roed-Lars en.2. The manipulation of energy supplies,3. The competition over energy sources,4. Attacks on supply infrastructure and,5. Dominant countries reliance to the foreign oil supply.6. Increased world competition for energy resources due to the increased pace of industrialization.renewable energyRenewable energy resources and significant opportunities for energy efficiency exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency, and scientific diversification of energy sources, would result in significant energy security and economic benefits. The deployment of renewable technologies usually increases the diversity of electricity sources and, by means of local generation, contributes to the flexibility of the system and its resistance to central shocks.For those countries where growing dependence on import gas is a significant energy security issue, ren ewable technologies can provide alternative sources of electric power as well as displacing electricity demand through direct heat production. Renewable bio-fuels for transport represent a key source of diversification from petroleum products. Long term measures to increase energy security center on reducing dependence on any one source of imported energy, increasing the number of suppliers, exploiting native fossil fuel or renewable energy resources, and reducing overall demand through energy preservation measures.Facts and Figures1. Oil expert Mike Ruppert has claimed that for every calorie of food produced in the industrial world, ten calories of oil and gas energy are invested in the forms of fertilizer, pesticide, packaging, transportation, and running farm equipment. 2. The impact of the 1973 oil crisis and the emergence of the OPEC cartel was a particular milestone that prompted some countries to increase their energy security. 3. Japan, almost solely dependent on imported o il, steadily introduced the use of natural gas, nuclear power, high-speed mass transit systems, and implemented energyconservation measures. It has become one of the world leaders in the use of renewable energy. 4. India is carrying out a major hunt for domestic oil to decrease its addiction on OPEC, while Iceland is well advanced in its plans to become energy-independent by 2050 through deploying 100% renewable energy. 5. Amount of sun that hits the world in an hour is enough to power the world for one year. With the addition of solar panels all around the world a little less pressing is interpreted off the need to produce more oil.6. Geothermal can potentially lead to other sources of fuel, if heat would be taken from the national core of the earth to heat up water sources, we could essentially use the steam creating from the heated water to power machines, this option is one of the cleanest and effectual options. 7. Hydro-electric which has been incorporated into many of the dams around the world produces a lot of energy, as the dams control the water that is allowed through seams which power turbines located inside of the dam. 8. Bio-fuels have been researched using many different sources including ethanol and algae, these options are substantially cleansing agent than the consumption of petroleum. Most LCA results for perennial and ligno-cellulosic crops conclude that bio-fuels can supplement anthropogenetic energy demands and mitigate Green House Gas emissions to the atmosphere. 9. Juliet Alohan writes on the essential need for its prioritization in Nigeria.It is estimated that by the year 2022, about dickens gazillion unemployed Nigerians would be gainfully employed if renewable energy is introduced to accompaniment regular electricity supply. 10. Dr. Sultan Ahmed Al Jaber, UAE special envoy for energy and climate change, and CEO of Masdar, said With energy demand predicted to grow nearly 50% over the coterminous 20 years, competition for reso urces will increase. Energy is therefore becoming a key piece of the global security puzzle. Any significant move to solve the energy crisis is also a step toward creating peace and stability among the nations of the world. 11. The Renewable Energy Global consideration report showed that by the end of 2011, total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded 1,360 Giga Watt (GW), up to 8 per cent over what it was in 2010. The report added that renewable energy supply constituted more than 25 per cent of total global power-generating capacity, which is estimated at 5,360GW in 2011.Case nurture Energy Security Context in IndiaSudarshan and Noronha (2009) lay out phoebe bird important factors that have contributed to increasing energy demand in India. First, the true income of India has grown at a rate of 6-7% per annum over the past two decades, and the Planning Commission of India has a future targeted growth rate of 8-10% per annum for the next decade. TERI (2006) estimates that I ndia will require 2023 MTOE (Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent) of energy by the year 2031 to head for the hills such economic growth rates. Second, a structural shift has been victorious place in India, which has accelerated since the 1991 economic reforms. This shift is from agriculture towards the function sector, which is relatively energy intensive. Next, an annual population increase of about 1.9% p.a. has been notice over the past two decades. Importantly, the urban population in India was 25.5% in 1990 and is expected to rise to 40% by 2030. Given per capita energy demand in rural areas is low, this will further feed into Indias unprocessed energy demand. Fourth, there is a growing transport sector. Fifth, an energy mutation is taking place, with a shift from biomass to electricity in rural India. Further, as of 2005, sole(prenominal) 55% of rural Indian households had electricity access.Electricity demand is expected to rise, even as the government has significant pla ns to meet the demand (Planning Commission, 2008). Increasing import dependence of India on fossil fuel-rich countries has hence force the government to rethink the way India engages with these countries. Given the factors influencing the demand and consumption of energy in India, the Planning Commission of India defined energy security by modifying the definition of energy security given by The World Energy Assessment (UNDP 1999) to suit the Indian context better. This definition is accepted by the Indian government, and it is as follows We are energy secure when we can supply lifeline energy to all our citizens disregarding of their ability to pay for it as well as meet their effective demand for safe and cheery energy to satisfy their various needs at competitive prices at all times and with a prescribed confidence level considering shocks and disruptions that can be reasonably expected (Planning Commission, 2006) This definition includes the key aspects of energy security, in cluding those cerebrate to poverty and economic growth.The idea that the provision of energy ought to be irrespective of their ability to pay is a slight departure from the definitions of energy securityaccepted by several nations, which tend to be market oriented. By factoring in poverty and the inability of Indias citizens to pay for energy, it only stops short of according energy the status of a overcompensate. The income distribution angle is hence incorporated in the definition. Additionally, this definition accounts for Indias import dependency of energy and the possibility of disruptions in the supply. There is also a veiled reference to what would be considered an appropriate level of risk, although this has not been quantified due to the uncertainties involved. In the context of Indias energy security needs, Verma (2007) lays out a two principles to maintain energy security.He states that firstly, India must transfigure the supply of energy, both by location and source. Secondly, he states that the resilience of energy systems must be maintained, which is a reference to security margins that act as buffers against shocks and provide facilities for recovery after disruptions. Resilience can come through spare capacity, strategic reserves, backup supplies of equipment, adequate storage capacity along supply change and the stocking of critical components of electricity generation. Any insurance measures taken by the government need to thus needs to incorporate these abstract frameworks. Understanding these concepts is necessary in order to pursue rational policy making in the energy domain. Of course, policy implementation would ultimately turn out around day-to-day governance issues, and fiscal, administrative and political bottlenecks.

“My Son the Marine” by Frank Schueffer Essay

The figment My Son the naval Is written by Frank Schueffer. The intellect for this paper is to identify weather or no to author employ logos ethos or pathos in the story. The story took place on a summer day. One day after high schoolho using up a new boy decides he wanted to join the multitude. The young boy talks to almost all of the military recruiters except cardinal. ulterior that afternoon there was a knock on his door from the one military branch he did non visit, The United States Marine potbelly (USMC). The boy was taken by the appearance and demeanor of the two marines at his door. After his talk with the marines he decided that is he was to join the military he would definitely join the marine. The boys bring could not understand his decision. he thought it was a waste of his sons talent and could envision his soft son the one that like poesy would be tough enough to handle the mental, physical and emotional aspects of the pilgrimage to becoming a Marine .Later in the story the father starts to understand the question of why his son wants to join the USMC. The logos of this story is shown when the father changes his mind fixate from, my son couldnt possibly be a Marine to thinking of his son as a Marine. Did he have it in him to become a Marine? I knew that keisters idea of a good time was to curl up in front of the fireplace and rereading his favorite bits of The Hobbit. To a parent hit fear is that there children will try something that is out of the area of association and the child gets there hope up only to fall abruptly of their goals. When his son parade in, a tall Marine all parent dreams that there children will come after. There are only a fewer examples of ethos one was shown when the father was over thinking his sons decision to join the military. Why the hell was John going into the Marines? The different exampleof ethos, which is more profound, is the last part of the story but surely no least when the father hangs up the phone from talking to his son.I stared at the television there were fire-fighters cops and military personnel struggling to sense survivors and thousands dead. I felt deeply frustrated being able to do nothing. At least I knew that I could look the men and women in uniform in the eyes. My son, after all, was one of them. The author did a immense job of building repore and empathy for the father in the story. The author was able to use creative use of words to set the tone or wit of the fathers confusion about his sons need for to become the few the proud a Marine. The tone that was created was soft, protective, and thoughtful. And showed a change in tone and mode when the fathers son finally graduated and became a Marine The story, in conclusion, is a heartfelt story of a man and his son. It concerns the journeying off what parents go through when saying goodbye to their children as they set off in unknown and unchartered territory. The pride the parents feel when their children succeed is exponential. The author wss able to capture the heart sting of the reader. Although the author apply false logic to almost convince the father that his son was ordain to fail.Works CitedScueffer, Frank. My Son the Marine. Reading Literature and writing assignements 4th ed.

Jane Eyre: a Critical Analysis of Gender Relations in Victorian Literature

Jane Eyre A Critical Analysis of Gender Relations in squeamish Lit termture Modern society tends to view the overnice age as one of oppression and constraint, despite the social and cultural fervour of the time. This contradiction refers, in large, to the constraints imposed on the female sex. Women in overnice England were viewed as inferior to their male counterparts, and were allocated clearly defined roles within society. Their treatment is a subject that is explored and critiqued through egress the literature of the time, and subsequent analysis by literary commentators.As Maynard comments (1984) Few observers of the Victorian Scene have failed to point out the unusual degree of sexual restraint imposed upon social breeding and published literature. However, it is in the work of the Bronte sisters that one witnesses the most comprehensive, and sometimes startling account of the social and grammatical gender restraints of the time. This paper will repress on the novel Ja ne Eyre, written by Charlotte Bronte, and published in 1847 to a lower place the pseudonym Currer bell shape.The adoption of a male pseudonym in itself reflects an profound social prejudice towards female novelists, as outlined by the germ Averse to personal publicity, we veiled our own names under those of Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell plot of ground we did non like to declargon ourselves women we had a vague painting that authoresses are liable to be looked on with prejudice (Smith, 2000). This somewhat sorry observation by the author limits the tone of the novel itself, and implies what it is exactly that set the Bronte sisters apart from their contemporaries their unfeminine style of writing.Jane Eyre is, in effect, a get it on story, and concentrates on the main fibers prosecution to find neat love. It cannot be classed, however, as a solely ro human beingtic novel as the characters quest for love involves a struggle for affect treatment, social acceptance, and val ue. In doing so, she questions and refuses to adjust to an array of social norms associated with the era. Janes longing to be loved is evident in the opening stages of the story, in her parley with Helen Burns if others dont love me I would rather die than weatherI would willingly submit to have the bone of my arm stony-broken, or to let a bull toss me, or to stand slow a kicking horse, and let it dash its hoof at my office (Bronte, 1847). This somewhat distressing insight into the young Eyres mindset captures her quest for true love, as opposed to the loveless relationships and marriages associated with the time. This association is witnessed by Janes ultimate husband, Mr Rochester, in his first marriage Bertha Antoinette Mason, she was wanted by my father for her fortune. I hardly spoke with her before the wedding. I lived with her for 4 years.Her temper ripened, her vices sprang up, violent and unchaste (Bronte, 1847). Rochesters summary of the marriage is a disturbing ins ight into the arranged, and socially acceptable, marriages of the time. Bronte sets her protagonist apart from her peers in her views of love, entirely further cements this difference in her continued criticism of the attitudes of the Victorian class. This is presumable in chapter 17 in particular, when she questions her growing feelings for Mr Rochester You have nothing to do with the master of Thornfield, further than to receive the salary he gives you for teaching his protege. o dont make him the object of your fine feelings. (Bronte, 1847) It buzz offs clear, however, that despite Janes attempts to restrain her emotions, she is fleck a losing battle and is becoming increasingly enraptured with Mr Rochester, reacting in a heated manner upon receipt of a letter from him And while she broke the seal and perused the document, I went on taking my coffee Why my upset shook, and why I involuntarily spilt half the contents of my cup into my saucer, I did not choose to consider (Bro nte, 1847).Janes employment as a governess by Mr Rochester further complicates her situation and her increasing love for her employer. Hedgecock summarises the role of the governess in Victorian society (2008) in ordinary Victorian life, the governess is the genteel spinster, self-effacing, having no ambitions outside the home in which she is subjected to a life of dependency. Eyre, however, was not willing to conform to ordinary Victorian life, nor was she willing to paroxysm the mould of the unassuming governess.Eyres constant struggle with her feelings for Rochester is impacted end-to-end by the norms of society at the time, and her resilience to them. She is unwilling to marry Rochester while Bertha is still in the picture, as it would equate her to a mistress, a authority that she wholly disapproves of and one which Rochester wishes her to take As a married man you will shun me, keep out of my way just like a shot you have refused to kiss me. (Bronte, 1847). Despite Eyre ev entually marrying Rochester, when his wife has passed away, she refuses throughout to conform to and comply with the social etiquette of the time.Just like her creator, she is just about masculine throughout the novel, indeed portrayed through her personal values and aptitude of character. It can be understood that Charlotte Bronte depicted herself through the life of Jane Eyre, and used her fictional character as one whom modelled and almost mimicked Bronte as a person. Eyre possessed the aforementioned(prenominal) strong drive in seeking equality and independence as a woman. Her refusal in accepting the conformities of the time mirrors Bronte.Bernstein (1997) sets the scene for those non-familiar with the Victorian era in the larger cultural context of Victorian England in which women are not accorded by law or by custom much opportunity to act on their own behalf. This supports the motive behind Bronte and her actions. It portrays the gender roles, which strongly influenced peoples behaviour and identities. This social rule fuelled womens endurance of the condescending attitudes about a womans place, intelligence, and voice. Thus, in turn, Jane became subjected to an uphill battle to become independent and recognized for her personal qualities.Bronte attempts to decorate how personal virtues are better indicators of character than class. The red-room mentioned in the novel is a metaphorical image for Janes entrapment in the life she is expected to lead. A life of entrapment from society, limiting her freedom due to her independent streak, race and foremost gender. Eyres struggles in attempting to overcome the oppression are all of a display through the feminine movement, in which the Bronte sisters each played a epoch-making role in setting off. Eyre displays characteristics of masculinity, such of which in Victorian era would only be confined to that of male prominence.The strong society made between both author and character is evident to the re ader. In conclusion, Jane Eyre captures the struggle and oppression faced by the women of Victorian Britain. Despite the eventual happy-ending to the novel, the lead character is forced to overcome strict social and gender restrictions in order to be with her true love. We see throughout the novel, however, that Eyre is an colossal character at the time and represents only a small heel of women who were quietly moving against societys expectations of them.Charlotte, the eldest of the Bronte sisters, received reputably the most critical recognition with her creation, Jane Eyre. Overall, the three Bronte sisters are highly cognize in English literature for their historical prominence that made them significant to the era of the Victorians. Their livelihood painted the path in which their work followed and their nurture greatly influenced their beliefs and outlooks. The three sisters strong and willing characteristics assisted them in delivering what can be perceived as staples in literature, and for centuries become only stronger with growth and eminence.As Winnifrith (1988) stated the Brontes had the courage to break away from the almost universal belief that sinners merited eternal punishment. This reflects upon their independence and strength in striving for their own beliefs and expressing their opinions. These opinions were of such strong stature, resulting in the superpower to in script their everlasting effect on the literature of the Victorian era and even on English literature as a whole. Bibliography Bernstein, Susan David. Confessional Subjects Revelations of Gender and Power in Victorian Literature & Culture. USA The University of trades union Carolina Press, 1997.Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. United Kingdom Smith, Elder and Co, 1847. Hedgecock, Jennifer. The Femme Fatale in Victorian Literature The insecurity and the Sexual Threat. New York Cambria Press, 2008. Maynard, John. Charlotte Bronte and Sexuality. Great Britain Cambridge University Press, 1984. Smith, Margaret. The Letters of Charlotte Bronte Volume II 1848-1851, with a selection of letters by family and friends. United Kingdom Clarendon Press, 2000. Winnifrith, Tom. The Brontes and their Background hallucination and Reality, Second Edition. London The Macmillan Press Ltd, 1988.

Disney’s Hercules and the Heroic Code

Disneys Hercules Disneys Hercules, while non entirely reliable to the scripture he was first conceptualized in, is rife with the same heroic traits as his definitive counterpart. Throughout the course of the film, Hercules faces a series of challenges and events which test his efficiency and ability. Subsequently these events fulfill the majority of his heroic archetype. By Hercules masculine nature, elysian parent, godlike helper, trip to the underworld, and fulfillment of kleos (his immortal quest for glory), Hercules would have been considered a hero in Ancient Greek society despite the archetypical traits left unfulfilled in the film.Hercules masculinity becomes majorly evident as a physical aspect after undergoing training with Philoctetes (Phil). His muscular personage is good example of man in a direct mode. bit he does not dominate his relationship with his love interest, Megara (Meg), by physical means he overshadows her and asserts masculinity. Hercules is also mas culine in his bravery by the way he confronts challenges head on. In one instance, Hercules literally bashes the centaur, Nessus, with his head. In Hercules muscular relieve oneself and his courageous albeit headstrong tendency, he is personified as a masculine hero.Hercules very has two divine parents, genus Zeus and Hera, in Disneys rendition as opposed to only one in Greek myth. In this way the heroic notion of having a divine parent is fulfilled perchance to a greater extent. Hercules father, Zeus, also plays a role as his divine helper, another trait of the hero archetype. Zeus fulfills this by revealing Hercules ancient to him and his relation to the gods, setting him off on his journey to heroism. In attachment to Zeus, Hercules winged horse, also serves as a divine helper throughout the film. Pegasus assists Hercules in nearly all of his battles and takes his abilities to new heights.Hercules makes his trip to the underworld in an attempt to rescue Megara from death its elf. Hercules immortal quest for glory or kleos is fulfilled in many instances of the film. On multiple occasions Hercules slays barbaric creatures such as the Hydra and achieves his glory through the admiration of others. While enchanting the people of Thebes and creating some lasting effect in their regular praise, Hercules immortal quest for glory is cemented at the conclusion of the film when Zeus creates a constellation of him in the night sky.

Reducing Stress through Meditation

In todays world every one come tastees almost every day and human body involuntarily reacts in ways that prepare them to fight or run. save, try is virtuallything that needs special attention and if it is not taken care properly it may caterpillar track physical damage to every part of the body. There are several(prenominal) studies that suggest the beneficial affects of speculation is exactly the opposite ways that emphasis does. thusly, they claim that meditation raise restore the body to a undisturbed state, serving the body to repair on its own, and averting further victimize due to the physical effects of stress (Scott n.pag). This paper is a books review on what the experts think of the bear upon of meditation on stress management.It is a well known fact that stress and tension has conk out the common thing in the world today. There are big pressures of work, finances, family life, disease, studies, parents, children, etc. In fact it is proven beyond doubt that stress and anxiety are the main cause for more serious health tasks, much(prenominal) as heart disease, diabetes and strokes and many more problems (Monslow n.pag). supposition is an age superannuated technique that includes relaxing methods such as listening to the breath, repeating a mantra, or detaching from the thought process, to focus the attention and bring about a state of self awareness and inner calm (Canter 176-177). Though many researchers have worked on this issue it has been difficult to prove its therapeutic value. However it is assumed that this stress releasing activity may have cautionary and therapeutic health benefits. This has been proven because of certain physiological effects such as a decreased of slowed heart rate or a particular electroencephalographic pattern that occur during meditation and describe a calm state may provide insight into how meditation works.According to a reflect conducted by Eisenberg et al. (964-972) an association was prepare in a meta-analysis of cognitive behavioral techniques such as meditation for hypertension. In some other study of meta-analysis trials of relaxation and meditation for trait anxiety that included 70 trials of meditation and showed that the 35 trials of mysterious meditation were linked with importantly larger effect sizes than other techniques (Eppley et al. 957-974).According to another study in asthma problem it was instal that sahaja meditation which is a technique of passive witnessing of thoughts, improved some outcomes. However, differences were not maintained at two months (Manocha et al. 110-115). Similarly, studies showed that people with epilepsy practising sahaja meditation had a significant decrease in objective stress measures and frequency of seizures (Panjwani et al 111-116 Panjwani et al 165-172).A study that was designed to determine the effectiveness of a assemblage stress diminution program based on mindfulness meditation for patients with anxiety maladys. In this study 22 study participants were selected with a incorporated clinical interview and found to meet the DSM- III-R criteria for generalized anxiety disorder or panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. During the study assessments, including self-ratings and therapists ratings, were obtained weekly forwards and during the meditation-based stress reduction and relaxation program and monthly during the 3-month follow-up period.It was found that a congregation mindfulness meditation training program can successfully decrease symptoms of anxiety and panic and can aid salvage these reductions in patients with generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, or panic disorder with agoraphobia (Kabat-Zinn 936-943). The findings of a study by Kaplan et al (284-289) suggested that a meditation-based stress reduction program is effective for patients with fibromyalgia. In fact this is a chronic unwellness characterized by extensive pain, tenderness to light touch, fatigue, sleep di sturbance, and resistance to treatment.In to that degree another study by Barnes et al. (366369) that was taken up to determine the impact of stress reduction on line of credit pressure in adolescents by the Transcendental Meditation program it was found that there was a greater decreases in daytime systolic blood pressure (P .04) and diastolic blood pressure (P .06) in those people who were practicing transcendental meditation when compared with the control group. Therefore the study concluded that there is a beneficial impact of the transcendental meditation program in youth who are at venture for the development of hypertension.A study carried out at Harvard University found that elderly individuals who versed Transcendental Meditation exhibited considerably superior improvements in a pass of age-related aspects of mental and physical health when compared to other techniques or among the control group with no-treatment. This study demonstrated that majority of subjects inv olved in Transcendental Meditation rated this technique as individually helpful and uncomplicated to do when compared to the other techniques. A follow-up study after three years found that all those who had learned Transcendental Meditation were still alive compared with significantly lower survival rates for the other groups and for the remaining population of the institutions where the study was carried out (Alexander et al. 950-964).Work CitedAlexander CN, Langer EJ, Davies JL, Chandler HM, Newman RI. Transcendental Meditation, mindfulness, and longevity an experimental study with the elderly. Journal of personality and Social Psychology. (1989) Vol 57, 6 pp 950-964.Barnes, V.A., Treiber, FA andJohnson, MH. Impact of transcendental meditation on ambulant blood pressure in African-American adolescents. Am J Hypertens (2004) Vol 17 pp 366369.Canter, P The therapeutic effects of meditation, editorial STUDENT BMJ VOL 11 (June 2003) pp 176-177.

Brothers Grimm

Intro Fairy tales argon things we know to be true. We are believed that if we have a hard manner to grow into, a prince one day impart come and consider us a kiss and make it all better. bring us thorn to life if you forget, as we grow up we open our look to the possibility of landing flat on our face and throwing up a poisonous apple and dealing with life on our own earlier our prince comes to save us. Thesis Betrayal and Jealousy whitethorn throw a pity party for the footprint- commence. The betrayal of a husband and insecurities in yourself leave behind bring go forth the worst in you.Meaning of the poem The poem The green-eyed Heart was written by Helane Levine Keating, was written in inspiration by the extract portraying the tale of directback exsanguine, by the Brothers Grimm, Then her prehensile purport had rest, so far as an envious heart base have rest. written by the Brothers Grimm. This poem is how negativity ruins us all. How overturned promises and w anting to be enough of something or perfect at anything will destroy our one time kind hearts. As betrayal was showed in the quote He said he rarely saw her, although she was his daughter. Giving a fair meaning of how she thought it would just be her king and her and no one would interfere, her jealousy was shown when she stated When theyre together shes his male monarch, the black-eyed slut, calling him daddy. letting the worsened of her become her words. The reverberate held great delegacy throughout the poem, she said that the mirror made her feel invincible all she insures in the mirror is her overbearing face, her wide lips mimicking mine. No matter how pretty the tint mother may have been she never acknowledged herself but rather the step daughter.She mat disrespected and less then what the king had promised her. She was a step mother advance into a new family and her insecurities ate at her until it became her. To better understand where she is overture from, Ill tell you about the Brothers Grimm version of snow unclouded. The Brothers Grimm story of Snow exsanguine tells a tale about a faggots wish for blood red lips, black as ebony pilus and white as snow skin. Sadly after her wish was granted, the power and newly mother passed away. Her kind married a new queen after a year of her expiration. The new queen who could not project anyone else who might rival her beauty. The story shows a mirror which claimed to be magical. Mirror, mirror on the wall, who in this realm is the fairest of them all. which would make her so elated when the mirror replied with You, my queen are the fairest of them all. The Brothers Grimm, Snow Whites step mother grew so much hate towards her step daughter and the envy in her heart grew so dense that she no longer had any peace, day or night, she hired a huntsman to obscure her, and that huntsman who didnt want to kill, let Snow White go as she promised to never go home.Thats where in the tale the seven dwarfs come in. Snow White strand their home and stayed in the seventh dwarfs bed. When they found her they were immobilize by her beauty, Snow White told them about the huntsman trying to kill her and of her step mother. So the dwarfs told her to be their house lady, doing all their chores (Cooking and cleaning) the secrets of her life was kept. Until her step mother asked her supernatural mirror, if she was pretty and it replied eyond the mountains, where the seven dwarfs swell, Snow White is thriving, and this I must tell Within this realm, shes still a chiliad times more fair leading the step mother to localize out to kill Snow White once and for all. She disguised herself and sell a lock to Snow White, and then tied the lace roughly Snow White she tied it so tight Snow White dismiss down as if dead. When the dwarfs found her later on, they untied her lace and Snow White began to breathe once again.The queen found out from her Magical mirror that Snow White recovered and thought of another platform to rid of her. She got a combed and made it poisonous. She went out to the house once more and set out to comb Snow Whites hair. Snow White fell unconscious. When the dwarfs came back and saw her they removed the comb from her hair and Snow White lived. Once again the queen asked her mirror and once again Snow White was the fairest. Finally, leading to the famous poisonous apple.Leading to Snow Whites death and her Magical Mirror finally said You, my queen are the fairest of them all. The dwarfs set up a grave above the ground. Clear so, that everyone could see and her promise in gold with princess written on it, the placed it at the draw of the mountain. Many years passed and it looked like Snow White was only sleeping. afterwards a prince found her, saw her beauty and had to have her. While his servants were transporting her back to his kingdom the piece of apple stuck in her throat fell out and she was unpoisioned, and alive.The prince rushed by her side and told her his love for her. They got married and at their wedding, the step mother put on these shoes that made her dance until she fell down dead. The Brothers Grimms version of Snow White starts off so resembling in comparison to Snow White the Walt Disney adaptation. I mean it sounds long-familiar right? Snow White and the 7 dwarfs, step mother haunt with being the fairest of them all, theres a difference between the love will solve everything we were all told to believe in and the story written by the Brothers Grimm.In Disney, the prince kisses her and they all live happily ever after. This poem is a representation on the story, but in a variant point of view, see the story that has always been told weather its the Grimm Brothers or the Walt Disney story the step mother is the villain. Yet in this poem you see more than the one disapprobation of a year later, the king married a new queen. You see the jealousy for Snow White in a different light and betrayal fr om the king.

Judeo-Christian, Islamic, Mayan and Hindu

One of the most compelling issues regarding religious comparison is the k directledge that apiece of these religions takes itself to be the only correct path to enlightenment or the afterlife. This is atomic number 53 similarity that is found in virtu each(prenominal) in wholey on the whole religions.The Jews, Christians and Muslim all sire a similar story of creation. Each starts with Adam and evening being created by graven image or a Supreme Being. They all have parts where the angels take issue with what they perceive to be Gods favoritism regarding his creations.There ar hu small-army complaints about they fact that they have always been by his side and done his bidding and now they atomic number 18 required to bow stilt to the humans he created. Not all religions believe in angels further almost all of them have around form of creature that is non happy about the creation of man. This is mans way of putting himself first in the eyes of his God. piece feels a ne ed to ratio his superiority with a need for guidance. The almighty being covers the guidance aspect and man being over the angels satisfies his superiority issue.All of the religions have one or more antagonists in their creation stories. With the Jews, Christians and Islamic it is Satan, with the Hindu it is the negative emotions such as greed, anger and desire and with the Mayan it is the Gods themselves who are the testers of man.Satan, in the religions who believe, is a fallen angel. He is so called because when all the other angels do Gods bidding and bow down to man, he alone refuses to do so, stating he was at that place before them and would non bow to something less than himself. This, of course, angered God and he told Satan that from now on he was banned from Gods sight.According to all the religions who believe in Satan, this was fine with him. He told God that he would spend his metre tempting and leading astray the people that God had created. God, in turn, verbal ise that only people who ere non worthy would fall for Satans tricks and if they did, they could join him in hell for eternity.Man has a need to explain everything in his life, good, bad or otherwise. As there is a God who is good, there must be a Satan (or other being) that is not good. This explains mans dual personality and is even covered in those religions that do not subscribe to God and Satan. Duality is the basis of many religions and balance is a major issue within them.In the Mayan tradition, the Gods created man for personal reasons, which was to piety them and make sure they were not forgotten. They tested the first couple of groups they created but were displeased with the results. The people they created were too basic to understand what they had been make for and could not adore the Gods properly so they were destroyed. Even the last group the Gods made was faulty according to the Gods, this time because they knew and saw too much. The Gods dimmed their great deal so they would not be equals with the Gods.Although all the religions teach of the desire and attempts to convey Godlike, they all seem to have the undercurrent of Gods who do not wish to have equals but rather worshippers instead. It may be that we, as humans, need to feel there is a father figure we skunk turn to or alternately blame for those things that happen in our lives. This is curious since mankind tends to be very egotistical regarding our place in the existence and yet when it comes to religion, we are more than willing to step aside and allow an omnipotent being guise our destiny.

Answer Key

Professor Mumford emailprotected edu Econ 360 F each 2012 Problem Set 1 Answers squ argon(a)/False (30 points) 1. fake If (ai , bi ) i = 1, 2, . . . , n and (xi , yi ) i = 1, 2, , n are sets of n pairs of numbers, whencece n n n (ai xi + bi yi ) = i=1 i=1 ai x i + i=1 bi yi 2. FALSE If xi i = 1, 2, . . . , n is a set of n numbers, then n n n n n (xi ? x) = ? i=1 n i=1 2 x2 i ? 2? x i=1 xi + i=1 x = ? i=1 2 x2 ? n? 2 x i where x = ? 1 n i=1 xi 3. TRUE If xi i = 1, 2, . . . , n is a set of n numbers and a is a constant, then n n a xi = a i=1 n i=1 xi = a n x ? here x = ? 1 n i=1 xi 4. FALSE If X and Y are independent hit-or-miss variables then E (Y X) = E (Y ) 1 5. TRUE If a1 , a2 , . . . , an are constants and X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn are random variables then n n E i=1 ai X i = i=1 ai E (Xi ) 6. FALSE For a random variable X, let = E (X). The variance of X can be expressed as V ar(X) = E X 2 ? 2 7. TRUE For random variables Y and X, the variance of Y conditional on X = x i s given by V ar(Y X = x) = E Y 2 x ? E (Y x)2 8. TRUE An estimator, W , of ? is an unbiased estimator if E (W ) = ? for all possible evaluates of ?. 9.FALSE The important limit theorem republics that the average from a random essay for any cosmos (with ? nite variance) when it is measurementized, by subtracting the mean and then dividing by the standard deviation, has an asymptotic standard normal distribution. 10. TRUE The law of large numbers states that if X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn are independent, identically distributed random variables with mean , then ? plim Xn = 2 Multiple Choice Questions (a) ceteris paribus (b) correlativity (c) causal e? ect (d) independence (20 points) 11. The idea of holding all else equal is known as 12.If our entropyset has one observation for every state for the year 2000, then our dataset is (a) cross-sectional data (b) pooled cross-sectional data (c) beat series data (d) panel data 13. If our dataset has one observation for every state for th e year 2000 and another observation for each state in 2005, then our dataset is (a) cross-sectional data (b) pooled cross-sectional data (c) time series data (d) panel data 14. If our dataset has one observation for the state of atomic number 49 each year from 1950-2005 then our dataset is (a) cross-sectional data (b) pooled cross-sectional data (c) time series data (d) panel data 15.Consider the function f (X, Y ) = (aX + bY )2 . What is (a) 2aX (b) a(aX + bY ) (c) 2a(aX + bY ) (d) a2 X ? f (X,Y ) ? X 3 Long Answer Questions (50 points) 16. The sum of squared deviations (subtracting the average value of x from each observation on x) is the sum of the squared xi minus n times the square of x. there are ? approximately(prenominal) ways to show this, here is one n n xi (xi ? x) ? i=1 = i=1 n (xi ? x + x) (xi ? x) ? ? ? n = i=1 n (xi ? x) (xi ? x) + ? ? i=1 n x (xi ? x) ? ? = i=1 (xi ? x)2 + x ? ? i=1 n (xi ? x) ? (xi ? x) = 0, so ? and we know that i=1 n i=1 (xi ? x)2 ? 17. There are several ways to show that this expression equals the sample covariance amongst x and y, here is one n n xi (yi ? y ) ? i=1 = i=1 n (xi ? x + x) (yi ? y ) ? ? ? n = i=1 n (xi ? x) (yi ? y ) + x ? ? ? i=1 (yi ? y ) ? = i=1 (xi ? x) (yi ? y ) ? ? 18. Correlation and precedent are not always the same thing. (a) A negative coefficient of correlation means that larger class surface is associated with lower test performance. This could be because the relationship is causal meaning that having a larger class size actually hurts student performance.However, there are other reasons we might ? nd a negative relationship. For example, children from much a? uent families might be more likely to at list schools with smaller class sizes, and a? uent children generally pip offend on standardized tests. Another possibility is that within a school, a principal might assign the better students to smaller classes. Or, some parents might insist that their children are in the smaller classes, and these same parents tend to be more involved in their childrens statement. Given the dominance for confounding factors such as these, ? ding a negative correlation between class size and test scores is not blotto evidence that smaller 4 class sizes actually lead to better performance. Thus, without other information, we cannot draw a meaningful economical conclusions. A flush answer should explain that we should be careful about drawing economic conclusions from simple correlations. (b) The sample correlation between N and T is de? ned as s rN T = N T sN sT where the sample covariance, sN T , is given by sN T = 1 999 1000 ? Ni ? N i=1 ? Ti ? T and the sample standard deviations are given by sN = 1 999 1000 Ni ? N i=1 2 sT = 1 999 1000 ? Ti ? T i=1 2 aim that there are several alternative ways to write this and statistical programs generally use other algorithms to calculate the correlation that are little prone to loss of precision due to roundo? error or storage over? ow. 19. Wage data (a) There are 526 observations. (b) There are 274 men in the sample. This means that the sample is 52. 09 percent male. (c) The average level of education in the sample is 12. 6 geezerhood. The median level of education is 12 historic period. (d) The highest education level in the sample is 18 years of school. 9 people in the sample report having 18 years of education. (e) The average periodical wage in the sample is $5. 90. The median hourly wage in the sample is $4. 65. 20. Fertility data (a) There are 363 women in the sample. (b) The average number of children ever innate(p) to a cleaning woman in the sample is 2. 3. The median number is 2. (c) The largest number of children ever born to a woman in the sample 7. Six women report having sevener children. (d) 25 percent of the sample lived in the eastern United States at age 16. (e) The average level of eduction in the sample is 13. 2 years. 5

What Is Modern Technology Provide to Us

What is Modern Technology Provide to Us? Technology begins with compassionate nature, this is a slogan what I believe. There is star question always pop in my mind, what does unexampled engineering science bring us? Since checkment of innovational technology, more and more excogitations appear. Modern technology was designed to meet human needs, and for convenience. It cannot be denied that modern technology makes our life more convenient however, modern technologies still bring greater inconvenience than convenience.Complex method of operation is one of the biggest paradoxs when using the modern technology for example a millionaire bought a political machine from Europe to show his wealth, e realone could drive it easily by pushing several(prenominal) buttons because this car was full automatic with its artificial intelligence. But the system range was very complicated before you started it. Once, this millionaire pushed the wrong buttons and then the car could not move. Then, he had to invite the professional engineer from Europe to help him resolved this problem.After that, he decided not to use those buttons to avoid any problem and troubles. Lets take the invention of cars as another example, its invention is supposed to enable us to travel faster and is more convenient. But, what happens straightway? The traffic jams for hours, pollutions appear, every clipping when I see the traffic jams in any city during the rush hour, I feel that I am so lucky because I dont have a car. We dont even know exactly how much time we have to spend or waste on our car. That is the reason why I choose to take populace transportation vehicle.To compargon piano tuner set and cable, radio can provide news, entertainment or even advertising as cable does. There is no doubt that cable plays an grievous role in our lives however, cable brings numerous negative things as well. Cables distribute more violence and pornography than before. It might affect our new ge neration. On the other hand, radio still occupies an important role in our life. most(prenominal) of people dont authentically have time to purport word the news on television, but they impart still listen to the radio have they are driving or so.Modern technologies bring inconvenience because it doesnt really fit in what we need in our life. Lets take the most popular invention cell remember as another example. Nowadays, cell phones become smaller and lighter. Cell phone seems very convenience to us. Nevertheless, this kind of design is not suitable for some of us. much(prenominal) as the button are to a fault small for senior citizen to click, too expensive to fix. Personally, I am always looking for my cell phone because my cell phone is too small for me. What does modern technology really bring to us?One of my teachers told us that the richest people will get richer and richer. But we are getting poor. It is because those producers are sucking our money because we are bu ying their new invention. Personally, I strongly believe we should consider if the newest technology can really provide the convenience to us when we try to develop them, or they will only become a trouble for us. Now, I am also thinking about another question If my laptop break down right now and this essay suddenly disappear, how will I feel and what should I do?

Communication Styles Essay

Identifying with your personal flare of communicating willing help you in the long run to create devout conversation skills. There ar four different communications flairs which are passive, assertive, aggressive and passive aggresive that we all can identify with. Knowing close the many styles of communication can help you to adapt to others and their style of communication. hands-off communication is whiz of the four different communication styles. Passive communication is shown when individuals fail to express their opinions, nipings, needs and show low self-esteem.I take overt identify with this style of communicating because this isnt me. When I feel the need to express myself I do so. I always pedestal a hundred and ten percent behind my opinion and I never let others step over me. truculent communication is very(prenominal) different from passive communication. be a aggressive communicator you express your feelings and opinion. Aggressive communicators can often be verbally abusive because of past situations such as they may have experienced physical and or delirious abuse or still carrying around unhealed wounds.Aggressive communicators will often try to be the dominate one and control others. They spill in a very shouted demanding voice and operation rudely. I myself can be aggressive from time to time in situations. For object lesson if my boyfriend makes me mad I began to speak in a loud overbearing tone and will not get wind to anything he has to say. Being an aggressive communicator will unable you to mature . Passive-aggressive communication is a style that on the outside they show to be passive but act out of anger because of feeling powerless.Passive-aggressive communicators will use sarcasm, deny that in that respect is a problem and will sabotage you to get even. I personally cannot relate to this style of communication. If I have a problem I will gladly let you know what the issue is. Also I do not believe in sabotaging others, you will get your karma, as they say what goes around comes back around. Assertive communication is the last style of communication. It is a style in which one believe on sermon up about their opinions and feelings. Assertive communicators show high self-esteem and lever everything about themselves such as their time, emotions and needs.Assertive communicators will stand up for their rights but yet be respectful about it. They also listen well and respect others and speak in a calm tone. I find myself being an assertive communicator the most especially in disagreements. I let others know how I feel but at the analogous time I still respect them and how they feel. Assertive communication is one of the best styles of communication because it creates an respectful environment and allows you to be mature passable to address issues as they arise.

Athens vs. Sparta

admit you ever wondered what it would be exchangeable to acquit sex in wiz of the ii ruggedest conglomerates 2,500 years ago? A hences and Sparta were the most reigning empire and city- states in Greece 2,500 years ago. They both divided up m whatsoever of their beliefs and heroes, but they were genuinely contrary when it came to their govern ment. capital of Greece had a republic and trade while Sparta was a soldiery state and its focus was homework the people for war. Sparta was a make give away status because the women had more freedom, they were prized for reproduction, and they did non cede to worry almost raising their hildren subsequently age eight because they had to go off to the multitude.I would rather fuck in Sparta because women had more freedom and independence, in that respect was a strong unspoilt intelligence of credentials and theyre government was real easily protected, and women were prized and their womens equalness was priority. In Sparta, the women had so more more freedom than the women in Athences. The Athenian women had to extend stand and do what the man said and do all the work most the theater of operations (F). Their women were handle equivalent youngsterren and numerous convictions the women were expected to be swooning and earful (E).On the other hand, in Sparta, the women could take legal natural action below the supervision of a manlike guardian. They were prized for reproduction, women owned two-fifths of the land and they did not have to take carry off of their babies for long. The women only if had to take consider of red-blooded tiddlerren for about 7 years then they would get taken extraneous to the multitude (B). Also, they could own land and read people to work for them. I like this way of living unwrap than Athens because l, per countersignally, like creation ndependent and have sexing that I can do things on my own.Second, Sparta was a better line to live be cause they had a very strong government and sense of bail. The soldiers in Sparta was very strong and they won umteen of their involutions. grievous women when handing their son or husband a shield would say muster natural covering with your shield, or on it. Since the men had been trained they k invigorated how to fight and they knew good strategies to help oneself them fight. The two kings of Sparta led the military into battle when it was time.I would like to live ere because I know that if the city-state were attacked, the military would know how to defend the city and limit us safe. Next, Sparta was a better mail service to live because the women were somewhat principal(prenominal) in society. In Sparta, the women were prized for their reproduction (B). If the women did not reproduce, they would not have any new people to go into the military. later on seven years a charwoman would give her child to men who trained him for the military so he could grow up and wai t on for them (B).When the child became even or eight years they no yearner had to worry about child complaint or the usual 18 plus years of care that commonly happens today. In addition, since women could do as much as the men, they washed-out time exercising and training for battle even though they could never fght. They would tally battle strategies Just like the men in Sparta and they would stay fit in the process. The women also believed in staying fit because if they were fit then the venture of them having a healthy child was increased. I believe this was authoritative because for me, I like being athletic.I dont come back I could sit almost and care for a child for many years and Just keen around the In conclusion, I cogitate Athens could have been an ok drift to live, but I theorise the women Just were not toughened fairly. I would rather live in Sparta because the women were prized for their reproduction, they stayed fit, they were given more freedom, they we re independent, and there was a strong sense of security and a strong and powerful government. I picked Sparta because it fits me best because I am athletic, independent, and I dont like to be treated like dirt.Athens vs. SpartaHave you ever wondered what it would be like to live in one of the two strongest empires 2,500 years ago? Athens and Sparta were the most powerful empire and city- states in Greece 2,500 years ago. They both shared many of their beliefs and heroes, but they were very different when it came to their government. Athens had a democracy and trade while Sparta was a military state and its focus was training the people for war. Sparta was a better place because the women had more freedom, they were prized for reproduction, and they did not have to worry about raising their hildren after age eight because they had to go off to the military.I would rather live in Sparta because women had more freedom and independence, there was a strong sense of security and theyre g overnment was very well protected, and women were prized and their womens fitness was priority. In Sparta, the women had so much more freedom than the women in Athens. The Athenian women had to stay home and do what the man said and do all the work around the house (F). Their women were treated like children and many times the women were expected to be timid and earful (E).On the other hand, in Sparta, the women could take legal action under the supervision of a male guardian. They were prized for reproduction, women owned two-fifths of the land and they did not have to take care of their babies for long. The women only had to take care of healthy children for about 7 years then they would get taken away to the military (B). Also, they could own land and hire people to work for them. I like this way of living better than Athens because l, personally, like being ndependent and knowledgeable that I can do things on my own.Second, Sparta was a better place to live because they had a v ery strong government and sense of security. The military in Sparta was very strong and they won many of their battles. Spartan women when handing their son or husband a shield would say Come back with your shield, or on it. Since the men had been trained they knew how to fight and they knew good strategies to help them fight. The two kings of Sparta led the military into battle when it was time.I would like to live ere because I know that if the city-state were attacked, the military would know how to defend the city and keep us safe. Next, Sparta was a better place to live because the women were somewhat important in society. In Sparta, the women were prized for their reproduction (B). If the women did not reproduce, they would not have any new people to go into the military. After seven years a woman would give her child to men who trained him for the military so he could grow up and serve for them (B).When the child became even or eight years they no longer had to worry about c hild care or the usual eighteen plus years of care that usually happens today. In addition, since women could do as much as the men, they spent time exercising and training for battle even though they could never fght. They would learn battle strategies Just like the men in Sparta and they would stay fit in the process. The women also believed in staying fit because if they were fit then the chance of them having a healthy child was increased. I believe this was important because for me, I like being athletic.I dont think I could sit around and care for a child for many years and Just clean around the In conclusion, I think Athens could have been an okay place to live, but I think the women Just were not treated fairly. I would rather live in Sparta because the women were prized for their reproduction, they stayed fit, they were given more freedom, they were independent, and there was a strong sense of security and a strong and powerful government. I picked Sparta because it fits me best because I am athletic, independent, and I dont like to be treated like dirt.Athens vs. SpartaHave you ever wondered what it would be like to live in one of the two strongest empires 2,500 years ago? Athens and Sparta were the most powerful empire and city- states in Greece 2,500 years ago. They both shared many of their beliefs and heroes, but they were very different when it came to their government. Athens had a democracy and trade while Sparta was a military state and its focus was training the people for war. Sparta was a better place because the women had more freedom, they were prized for reproduction, and they did not have to worry about raising their hildren after age eight because they had to go off to the military.I would rather live in Sparta because women had more freedom and independence, there was a strong sense of security and theyre government was very well protected, and women were prized and their womens fitness was priority. In Sparta, the women had so much more freedom than the women in Athens. The Athenian women had to stay home and do what the man said and do all the work around the house (F). Their women were treated like children and many times the women were expected to be timid and earful (E).On the other hand, in Sparta, the women could take legal action under the supervision of a male guardian. They were prized for reproduction, women owned two-fifths of the land and they did not have to take care of their babies for long. The women only had to take care of healthy children for about 7 years then they would get taken away to the military (B). Also, they could own land and hire people to work for them. I like this way of living better than Athens because l, personally, like being ndependent and knowing that I can do things on my own.Second, Sparta was a better place to live because they had a very strong government and sense of security. The military in Sparta was very strong and they won many of their battles. Spartan women wh en handing their son or husband a shield would say Come back with your shield, or on it. Since the men had been trained they knew how to fight and they knew good strategies to help them fight. The two kings of Sparta led the military into battle when it was time.I would like to live ere because I know that if the city-state were attacked, the military would know how to defend the city and keep us safe. Next, Sparta was a better place to live because the women were somewhat important in society. In Sparta, the women were prized for their reproduction (B). If the women did not reproduce, they would not have any new people to go into the military. After seven years a woman would give her child to men who trained him for the military so he could grow up and serve for them (B).When the child became even or eight years they no longer had to worry about child care or the usual eighteen plus years of care that usually happens today. In addition, since women could do as much as the men, the y spent time exercising and training for battle even though they could never fght. They would learn battle strategies Just like the men in Sparta and they would stay fit in the process. The women also believed in staying fit because if they were fit then the chance of them having a healthy child was increased. I believe this was important because for me, I like being athletic.I dont think I could sit around and care for a child for many years and Just clean around the In conclusion, I think Athens could have been an okay place to live, but I think the women Just were not treated fairly. I would rather live in Sparta because the women were prized for their reproduction, they stayed fit, they were given more freedom, they were independent, and there was a strong sense of security and a strong and powerful government. I picked Sparta because it fits me best because I am athletic, independent, and I dont like to be treated like dirt.

Continuous teacher professional development through collaboration

The School as a Learning EnvironmentIntroductionA compulsory skill milieu contribute be described as an surround in which a lodge of scholars dwelling of babys and grownups persist to departher to supply, resurrect and prolong their ain and atomic number 53 another s acquirement ( Barth, 200131 ) . In this essay the author, pulling from professional experience in an Irish pristine instruct context and mentioning to relevant literature, exit sketch the primeval possesss of give aims that be validatory instruction surrounds. It lead be draw how devolved star impact only teaching module render learners with a shargon carol inform policies and their ain learning a animal(prenominal) surround which en qualifieds and encourages get a lineing advancing uninterrupted teacher professional teaching through quislingism and steps to affect totally p arnts in the presidentship of the prep be and in originate their kids s, and through the procedure t heir ain, get wording ar scarlet tanager suffers of nurtures that are haughty learning environments. It will also be highlighted how chemical elements such as opponent to bowdlerise among groom forces, dys contributional staff relationships and recent Irish g everywherenment policies are commonplace barricades to gaining such environments. enlightener LeadershipWith a eer increa speak deed load and barter the demands and challenges of prima railtimes are merely excessively owing(p) for any one individual ( the master(prenominal) ) ( Stoll, 2009122 ) . As Barth ( 2001 ) notes jumper cables need forethought in carry throughing this impossible dividing line description ( p. 84 ) . unitary possible solution to this state of affairs is devolved jumper lead whereby teaching staff are provided with leading hunts and duties in the running of the school. Much has been written in educational literature recommending this engagement of instructors in leading mak e fors ( Callan, 2006 214 Harris, 200831 Sergiovanni, 1992 Stoll and concede, 199652 The Teaching Council, 2010 Tuohy, 1999166 ) . Cases in which instructors burn attain admit take word of farewell in the creative bodily process of a school vision and associated policies, ascertain course of study for the school, planning and prima staff using activities, prosecuting in determinations nigh how financess should be allocated and engaging untried instructors ( Barth, 200188 ) . The writer s school has started this procedure of instructor leadinghip with great duty organism given to the in school manner police squad, which consists of instructors who h nonagenarian Posts of Responsibility, utter determinations about school policies, but this is merely a first measure each modus operandi in order for schools to accomplish maximal close results all instructors must take ( Barth, 200185 ) .This teacher leading washbowl take to a tyrannical science environment i n legion ways. It untroub direct deal assist to prolong and advance instructor committedness and motive to the school as they are involved in doing determinations which affect them ( Fullan, 200338 ) , which backside besides promote instructors to wangle their schoolroom pattern which is principal(prenominal) to school betterment ( Fullan and Hargreaves, 199123 ) . This leading function arsehole fix instructors for the function of chief sort of than all of a sudden puting them unprepared into this step to the fore subsequently in their calling ( Fullan and Hargreaves, 199120 ) and enable these teacher leaders to larn as they flush toilet larn through the experiences of leading ( Barth, 200182 ) . It has been argued that if instructors are provided with leading functions they in bend will supply leading functions for students turning the school into a much democratic environment with slight subject jobs and higher student accomplishment ( Barth, 200180 ) and that better d eterminations are view as as a takings of scattering determination doing verbalize school issues such as subject processs and professional development ( ibid82 ) . This leading function besides adds assortment to the instructor s function and give the gate enable them to act upon the lives of grownups forevery bit good as students ( ibid83 ) . Sharing leading thunder mug besides enable the principal to go a scholar in this acquirement environment as he peck larn through coaction with these instructor leaders ( Fullan and Hargreaves, 1991122 ) . As Barth ( 2001 ) notes A school civilization hospitable to widespread leading will be a school civilization hospitable to widespread accomplishment ( p. 81 ) .Pupil VoiceEqually good as supplying instructors with greater duty through leading functions another cardinal feature of a absolute attainment environment is one in which students are given greater duty by ap serviceing them a representative smatter school policy and the ir ain acquisition. The United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child ( 1989 ) states States Parties shall guarantee to the kid who is capable of organizing his or ain positions the right to show those positions freely in all affairs impacting the kid a . ( oblige 12 ) . Irish Policy recognised this right with the publication of the National Children s dodging ( 2000 ) which aims to make An Ireland where kids are respected as immature citizens with a determine part to do and a instance of their ain a . ( subdivision of Health and Children, 200010 ) . An obvious context for kids to exert this voice is sing their school experiences as a proceeds of the big part of their lives they fell in school ( Devine, 2004112 ) .Opportunities for students to be given this voice in school include affecting them in building and take parting in their ain acquisition by supplying feed ass to instructors on lessons sing how students erudite and ways the instructor could do the lesson to a greater extent ambitious or mellisonant ( Claxton, 2008157 ) and by puting up savant councils to communication school policies and processs ( McLoughlin, 2004 ) . This voice buns even travel every bit far as learning instructors as Barth ( 20013 ) describes a school in which students provide direction to instructors sing nurture communicating engineering accomplishments. This writer s school has begun the procedure of supplying this voice to pupils through the constitution of the Green Schools delegation in which pupil representatives from every category meet on a hebdomadal footing to discourse school environmental processs.Supplying students with this voice can make a positive acquisition environment in a figure of ways. The positives of giving pupils chances to lend to school policies such as the codification of behaviour are outlined by the National teaching Welfare Board ( NEWB ) sight that students are more likely to back up a codification of behavior when they extradite helped to develop it. Relationships of devote in the midst of instructors and pupils can turn through the procedure ( NEWB, 200816 ) .Childs can besides larn accomplishments of hearing, negociating and pull offing differences through active involution in a societal context ( NEWB, 200816 ) . Supplying students with this voice can actuate them to come to school by demoing them that both they and their sentiments sing determinations that affect them affair ( Stoll and Fink, 1996139 ) . It shows kids that the school will handle them rightly as Devine ( 2004122 ) notes kids assimi new that schools treat them below the belt when schools exclude their positions. Children s force to larn about issues such as democracy, justness and inclusiveness can be made more effectual as kids experience these rights fore just about script through pattern and engagement ( Devine, 2004124 ) . In his survey of a pupil council roach up in a primary school McLoughlin ( 2004132 ) celebrate d positive acquisition results for the students involved including felicity and pride as a consequence of being involved, a sense of belonging, increased assurance and a turning sense of partnership with school forces. Claxton ( 2008 ) notes that puting up pupil councils to discourse issues of existent importance enables participants to cognize that what they learn by undertaking these issues will function them good in ulterior life ( p. 149 ) .Resistance to ChangeIn order to include these comparatively fresh constructs of instructor leading and pupil voice as outlined above schools wee to get the better of the common obstruction of opposite word to alter. As Eisner ( 1992 ) notes It is much easier to alter educational policy than to alter the ways in which schools map ( p. 610 ) . This opposition can come from instructors and principals. This opposition to alter is an obstruction to gaining a positive acquisition environment as Stoll and Fink ( 1996 ) noteA school is either b ettering or it is getting worse. It can non stand still because its context is invariably altering ( p.42 ) . umpteen instructors may defy diversity as they fear new inventions that they feel might expose their ain perceived insufficiencies ( Stoll and Fink, 199650 ) , experience a sense of loss go forthing a set of familiar set of behaviors behind and fear the hereafter and the unknown ( Tuohy, 199927 ) . Experienced instructors may defy alteration as a consequence of familiar modus operandis they have built up which require minimum attempt on their portion ( Eisner, 1998159 ) .The writer experienced this opposition to alter on several(prenominal) occasions. iodine such juncture was when the writer displayed a aiming saying to pupils You have the right to give your sentiment, and for grownups to listen and take it badly , adapted from Article 12 of The United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child ( 1989 ) , in his schoolroom. Several of the writer s co-workers expre ssed their disapproval of this message being displayed to kids due to its incorrectness on the evidences that students should make precisely and without inquiry as they are instructed to by instructors as has ever been the instance. This mentality earnestly restricts the possible to supply a voice to pupils as outlined above. This writer has besides witnessed instructors learning the same content utilizing the same methodological analysiss twelvemonth after twelvemonth disregardless of alterations in issue or school policies.Callan ( 2006 ) in researching the School syllabus tuition ( SCD ) enterprise in 20 Irish supplemental schools notes that principals can besides defy alteration saying Consequently, one learn in the procedure of this enterprise that one could non presume that there was a preparedness, willingness, or a capacity among school principals to change their function ( p. 107 ) . practical grounds for this include principals desiring to keep on to designer and control and to be at the Centre of doing determinations sing everything that happens in their school ( Barth, 2001108 ) . This has an obvious minus consequence to the end of supplying leading functions for all instructors.Physical EnvironmentCohen, McCabe, Michelli and Pickeral ( 20093 ) highlight the importance of a school s physical environment observing that the environmental-structural dimension of a school including its cleanliness, infinite and stuffs and aesthetic quality is one of four indispensable dimensions sing the quality and character of school life. look has shown that the first alteration the bulk of freshly appoint principals make upon get downing in the function of principal is a calculated alteration to the school s physical environment ( Stoll and Fink, 199651 ) . Marie Stubbs when appointed principal to St. George s Roman Catholic Secondary School in London, England transform the fighting school which was on the threshold of closing from the Office for St andards in raising ( Ofsted ) into a positive acquisition environment which went on to be nominated by Ofsted as a national illustration of good pattern. One method she adopted to accomplish this was by doing several alterations to the school s physical environment. These included painting each floor of the school a polar bright coloring material doing the school more visually appealing and welcoming to pupils, altering the schools atrium by seting in new comfy chairs doing it a more comfy and inviting topographic point for pupils and seting up noticeboards incorporating images and information about pupils and their activities, including birthday notices, to demo them they were valued ( Stubbs, 2003 ) . The late appointed principal in the writer s school has besides made several alterations to the school s physical environment including the creative activity of a new computing machine room which enables students to larn, and hopefully learn, information communicating engineering a ccomplishments.Claxton ( 2008 ) identifies extra physical characteristics of a learning school including shows which show the journey of acquisition every bit good as the terminal merchandise, such as a student s different efforts at making a picture, showing to them We are every bit interested in the traveling as in the arriving ( p. 145 ) . He besides states that One of the ways you can recognize a larning power civilization is by looking at the objects and shows that instructors have chosen to aggrandize their classroomsa . ( p. 145 ) encouraging shows that develop students acquisition musculuss ( p. 148 ) . He recommends a schoolroom layout which encourages students to travel about and larn from each other in a societal context ( p. 148 ) . Such a layout can enable students to larn through the societal procedure described by Vygotsky where with aid from somebody more knowing and skilled in a co-operative scene, the scholar is able to accomplish more than he could entire ly ( Stoll, Fink and Earl, 200338 ) . A school physical environment which both enables and encourages larning is consequently a cardinal feature of a positive acquisition environment.Continuous Teacher Professional Development through CollaborationEqually good as promoting students to larn, positive acquisition environments encourage instructors to larn. Stoll and Fink ( 1996 ) highlight a important ground for this statinga important contributor to pupil acquisition is teacher larning. When instructors are professionally fulfilled, demonstrate occupation satisfaction, accomplishments and cognition, and have a lovesome feeling of efficaciousness around their pattern, they are more likely to actuate students to desire to larn ( p. 152 ) .Another factor in instructor larning promoting student acquisition is the illustration this sets for students many an(prenominal) of whom will look for to emulate their instructor s illustration ( Barth, 200128 ) . In order to supply a positive a cquisition illustration, instructors can be observen by their pupils to be seeking out ways of going a better instructor. In making so they are patterning person who is invariably looking to acquire better at what they do ( Claxton, 2008157 ) . It has besides been argued that teachers frame better pedagogues when they invariably learn how to learn ( Barth, 200128 ) .The Education movement ( 1998 ) refers to the significance of instructor larning observing the importance of a school environment which is supportive of larning among pupils and which promotes the professional development of instructors ( subdivision 23-2c ) . The cardinal issue is how the school supports this development. This development should be uninterrupted and changeless because there will ever be a demand for instructors to better ( Fullan, 1991344 ) and When instructors stop turning, so make their pupils ( Barth 199050 ) . Many educational authors advocate the importance of coaction between instructors as cardinal to their professional development ( Callan, 2006 71 Lieberman and Miller, 199969 Palmer, 2007146 Stoll and Fink, 199654 ) . As Stoll et Al. ( 2003 ) note If systems to back up professional growing are intended to prolong their acquisition, they must nevertheless, aid schools develop as acquisition communities where pedagogues collaborate to ask sarcasticly about their ain pattern ( p. 173 ) .Methods of teacher coaction presently used by the writer include squad instruction, in which the mainstream category instructor and resource instructor prepare and Teach lessons together and joint planning, where instructors of a circumstantial twelvemonth group curriculum lessons together on a monthly footing. Other methods, non yet utilise in pattern by the writer, include mentoring, in which a aged member of staff provides feedback to a late appointed instructor sing lessons, lesson readying, resources and planning cooperative action research, in which instructors examin e a specific country of the school such as methodological analysiss used in learning job work outing accomplishments in mathematics and common observation and feedback of lessons in which critical friends observe each other s lessons and supply critical feedback sing strengths and failings in learning methodological analysiss diligent ( Stoll et al. , 200394 ) . In trying to make a collaborative acquisition environment it is of import that instructors are shown that collaborative work can take many diverse signifiers and empowered to choose patterns which suit them best instead than one peculiar attack being forced on them ( Fullan and Hargreaves, 1991123/124 ) .These collaborative environments can assist instructors to larn in assorted ways. As Rosenholtz ( 198985 ) notes they can enable instructors to admit that instruction is hard and that it is of import to seek aid from co-workers. In pass oning more with co-workers, instructors can go more confident and certain about what t hey are seeking to accomplish and how good they are accomplishing it. Merely as it has been tell that pupils larn better in a societal context from each other the same can be said about instructors. Equally good as instructor coaction bettering instructors chances to larn it can make likewise for students as you can non hold pupils as uninterrupted scholars and effectual confederates, without instructors retentiveness these same features ( Fullan, 199346 ) . It besides enhances the school s overall ability to better as a high degree of shared vision and teamwork is required to give tongue to about important alteration ( Tuohy, 1999179 ) .Dysfunctional Staff RelationshipsAn obstruction to teacher acquisition, oddly in footings of collaborative acquisition, and hence to gaining a positive acquisition environment is dysfunctional staff relationships. It has been noted that negative school environments have actively hostile relationships among staff ( Peterson, 2002 ) . The write r, through experience of learning in a school with over 30 instructors on staff, has seen dysfunctional, and even hostile, staff relationships as a consequence of subcultures or cliques of instructors organizing, a procedure described as Balkanization ( Fullan and Hargreaves, 199172 ) . In the writer s experience members of assorted subcultures had no enfolding or desire in working with yet whole join forcesing with members of other subcultures. This subculture outlook, and ill will which sometimes accompanies it, besides provides a paltry illustration to pupils who frequently strive to emulate their instructor s illustration. In add-on as Fullan and Hargreaves ( 1991 ) noteBalkanization may take to hapless communicating, indifference, or groups traveling their separate ways in a school. This in bend can bring forth hapless continuity in supervising pupil advancement and inconsistent outlooks for their public presentation and behavior ( p. 72 ) .Another type of dysfunctional s taff relationships are sympathetic relationships as opposed to collegial 1s ( Lieberman and Miller, 2008 ) . These congenial civilizations can curtail instructors military strength to larn through coaction as although relationships are good-humored and harmonious they do non affect the struggle or hazard needed to flummox about effectual critical coaction and acquisition among instructors, such as critical feedback sing lesson observations, as instructors are excessively concerned sing their popularity ( Lieberman and Miller, 200818 ) .In the writer s experience dysfunctional relationships can besides be between principals and instructors around issues such as work load, acknowledgment, regard and duty assigned to instructors by principals. This has a negative consequence on positive acquisition environments as Barth ( 2001 ) notes a common feature of a troubled school is troubled, embattled, or antiseptic decision master teacher relationships ( p. 105 ) . These dysfunction al staff relationships can therefore earnestly impede a school s possible to go a positive acquisition environment and as Stoll and Fink ( 1996 ) note Until mood and collegiality issues receive attending, instructors in schools sing troubles frequently show small involvement in development of instruction and acquisition schemes ( p. 78 ) . raiseal EngagementEducational literature has noted the positive benefits, such as making a sense of biotic community belonging, which can accrue from affecting other grownups in the local community besides instructors in schools ( Fullan, 199384 Stoll et al. , 200373 Tuohy, 199989 ) . Involving the most important grownups in students lives, their parents or defenders, can go a cardinal feature of a positive acquisition environment. Parents can be encouraged to go involved in the administration of the school by doing costumes for school dramas, supplying aid in schoolrooms, providing resources, giving negotiations on countries of expertness, training athleticss squads, functioning on school commissions and the Board of Management of the school, join forcesing with instructors sing their kids s acquisition and lending to the development of school policies.This engagement can hold several positive results. The National Education Welfare Board ( NEWB ) ( 2008 ) outlines the significance of affecting parents in developing the codification of behaviour school policy for a school by pulling on their outlooks, penetrations and experience which may tender the school a different position. Possible positive consequences include fiting parents to beef up to their kids the messages about acquisition and behavior that are contributing to a positive school, giving parents an penetration into the demands for instructors to learn efficaciously and assisting parents to hold a strong sense of pride and ownership of the school s work ( NEWB, 200816 ) . In add-on as Stoll and Fink ( 1996 ) note The fact be that parents and instructors need to be reading from the same page to advance student acquisition and development ( p. 135 ) . It has been noted that most parents have a important desire for schools to be positive larning environments as they want their kids to larn to their full potency ( Barth, 2001168 ) . By join forcesing with parents sing their kids s larning instructors can happen out a wealth of information refering these students such as their involvements enabling instructors to construction lessons based on these involvements which can increase pupil motive.Schools can besides follow steps to affect parents in heightening their kids s acquisition at place. In researching international surveies from 20 states on school household community partnerships, Drum sanders and Epstein ( 2005208 ) observe this was the country most households in most states requested support and counsel in. This can be achieved by schools carry oning plans and patterns, such as workshops and place visits, to beef up rearin g accomplishments and aid parents supply place environments to back up their kids s acquisition. Research suggests these steps can advance a positive acquisition environment as a consequence of positive influences on households patterns at place, parent and student attitudes about schools, students faculty member accomplishment and instructors attitudes towards parents ( Sanders and Epstein, 2005208 ) . Parents can besides be encouraged by instructors to talk to their kids sing their ain acquisition in their mundane lives. As kids frequently look to their parents as function theoretical accounts this can excite kids s acquisition and enable them to see the importance of womb-to-tomb acquisition ( Barth, 200124 ) . Drum sanders and Epstein ( 2005 ) besides discovered Surveies across states indicate that pupils benefit when they interact with household members about subjects they are larning in category such as in reading, spelling, literacy and mathematics ( p. 217 ) . In tran sporting out the attacks outlined parents can besides go scholars in this acquisition environment and understand the altering nature of schools and acquisition.The writer has witnessed merely limit parental engagement confined to fund-raising responsibilities through engagement in the Parent Teachers Association. Even in this limited engagement parents from cultural minorities groups, disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds and the traveler community are non included which appears to be the norm in many Irish schools ( Lodge, Devine and Deegan, 2004 ) . Schools hence need to affect all parents in the administration of the school and heightening students acquisition as Most kids learn academic topics in school, but how they learn, what else they learn, and why they learn are influenced by schools, households, communities and their connexions ( Sanders and Epstein, 2005214 ) .Government PoliciesWhile away(p) spouses, such as parents, can assist to make a positive acquisition env ironment, external factors beyond the schools control, such as recent Irish authorities policies can besides be an obstruction to gaining such an environment. youthful Budgets have created such an obstruction. Budget 2009 increased category sizes which besides led to a loss in learning send ( Department of Finance, 2008 ) slice Budget 2010 saw cuts made in the allotments to teacher professional development ( Department of Finance, 2009 ) which has been outlined as a cardinal feature of a positive acquisition environment. Budget 2011 programs to cut down instructor Numberss in mainstream primary schools with the backdown of Resource Teachers for Travellers and cut downing the figure of run-in Support Teachers by 500 in the following four old ages ( Department of Finance, 2010 ) . In making so the Irish authorities are taking support constructions for students and their parents who, as has been noted in this essay, frequently do nt hold a voice or input into schools.The Department of Education and Science placed a moratorium on primary schools advancing instructors to stations of duty ( DES Circular 0022/2009 ) . In response to this step the Irish National Teachers Organisation ( INTO ) instructed its members non to set about extra responsibilities where a post/acting station of duty is non filled as a consequence of this moratorium ( INTO, 2009 ) . These combined steps, by curtailing instructors possible to take on excess duties, have hence badly hindered the capacity for schools to implement teacher leading for all instructors as outlined in this essay.The writer s school late underwent a Whole School Evaluation in which three departmental inspectors inspected the schools effectualness for the continuance of a hebdomad. These inspectors placed a heavy parlance on written planning which the writer felt did small to heighten the quality of instruction and acquisition in the school. Problems such external reviews can convey on schools include force per uni t area to line up to the review theoretical account and standards and they can suppress originative and critical instructor contemplation on the opinion and rating of school effectivity ( Stoll and Fink, 1996170 ) . The inspectorate completed unheralded ( incidental ) external reviews in over 450 primary schools throughout all parts of Ireland between October 2009 and October 2010 ( DES, 2010 ) . Finland, which has no national school reviews but a system of school self-evaluation ( Webb, Vulliamy, Sarja and Hamalainen, 2006 ) , was one of the highest prize states in the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) Programme for International Student Assessment ( PISA ) study of instruction public presentation while in both literacy and maths degrees Irelands ranking declined significantly when compared to 2000 ( OECD, 2010 ) . It can be argued hence that the current Department of Education and Skills theoretical account of school reviews can make an obstruction t o gaining positive acquisition environments.DecisionAs outlined in this essay, principals, instructors, students, parents and the schools physical environment can all play important functions to enable schools to go positive learning environments. The cardinal features of such a school can be described as one that provides leading functions and associated duties to its full teaching staff affords a voice to pupils sing school policies and their ain acquisition contains a physical environment that enables and encourages larning promotes uninterrupted instructor acquisition and development through coaction and has steps to affect all parents in the administration of the school and in heightening their kids s acquisition. As illustrated by holding these features the school will heighten the possible and motive to larn in all its participants making a community of scholars.In the writer s experience while initial stairss have been made Irish primary schools still have to to the full gain this presently mostly theoretical theoretical account of a positive acquisition environment. Reasons for this include troubles in get the better ofing common obstructions such as opposition to alter from school forces, dysfunctional staff relationships and recent authorities policies. Developing the features outlined is important to making a community of scholars as American pedagogue Laurence Downey ( 1967 ) expressed it A school Teachs in three ways by what it teaches, by how it teaches and by the sort of topographic point it is .11 Quoted by David Hopkins Teaching and Learning as the Heartland of School Improvement Seamus O Suilleabhain annals talk, NUI Maynooth, September 2001