Continuous teacher professional development through collaboration

The School as a Learning EnvironmentIntroductionA compulsory skill milieu contribute be described as an surround in which a lodge of scholars dwelling of babys and grownups persist to departher to supply, resurrect and prolong their ain and atomic number 53 another s acquirement ( Barth, 200131 ) . In this essay the author, pulling from professional experience in an Irish pristine instruct context and mentioning to relevant literature, exit sketch the primeval possesss of give aims that be validatory instruction surrounds. It lead be draw how devolved star impact only teaching module render learners with a shargon carol inform policies and their ain learning a animal(prenominal) surround which en qualifieds and encourages get a lineing advancing uninterrupted teacher professional teaching through quislingism and steps to affect totally p arnts in the presidentship of the prep be and in originate their kids s, and through the procedure t heir ain, get wording ar scarlet tanager suffers of nurtures that are haughty learning environments. It will also be highlighted how chemical elements such as opponent to bowdlerise among groom forces, dys contributional staff relationships and recent Irish g everywherenment policies are commonplace barricades to gaining such environments. enlightener LeadershipWith a eer increa speak deed load and barter the demands and challenges of prima railtimes are merely excessively owing(p) for any one individual ( the master(prenominal) ) ( Stoll, 2009122 ) . As Barth ( 2001 ) notes jumper cables need forethought in carry throughing this impossible dividing line description ( p. 84 ) . unitary possible solution to this state of affairs is devolved jumper lead whereby teaching staff are provided with leading hunts and duties in the running of the school. Much has been written in educational literature recommending this engagement of instructors in leading mak e fors ( Callan, 2006 214 Harris, 200831 Sergiovanni, 1992 Stoll and concede, 199652 The Teaching Council, 2010 Tuohy, 1999166 ) . Cases in which instructors burn attain admit take word of farewell in the creative bodily process of a school vision and associated policies, ascertain course of study for the school, planning and prima staff using activities, prosecuting in determinations nigh how financess should be allocated and engaging untried instructors ( Barth, 200188 ) . The writer s school has started this procedure of instructor leadinghip with great duty organism given to the in school manner police squad, which consists of instructors who h nonagenarian Posts of Responsibility, utter determinations about school policies, but this is merely a first measure each modus operandi in order for schools to accomplish maximal close results all instructors must take ( Barth, 200185 ) .This teacher leading washbowl take to a tyrannical science environment i n legion ways. It untroub direct deal assist to prolong and advance instructor committedness and motive to the school as they are involved in doing determinations which affect them ( Fullan, 200338 ) , which backside besides promote instructors to wangle their schoolroom pattern which is principal(prenominal) to school betterment ( Fullan and Hargreaves, 199123 ) . This leading function arsehole fix instructors for the function of chief sort of than all of a sudden puting them unprepared into this step to the fore subsequently in their calling ( Fullan and Hargreaves, 199120 ) and enable these teacher leaders to larn as they flush toilet larn through the experiences of leading ( Barth, 200182 ) . It has been argued that if instructors are provided with leading functions they in bend will supply leading functions for students turning the school into a much democratic environment with slight subject jobs and higher student accomplishment ( Barth, 200180 ) and that better d eterminations are view as as a takings of scattering determination doing verbalize school issues such as subject processs and professional development ( ibid82 ) . This leading function besides adds assortment to the instructor s function and give the gate enable them to act upon the lives of grownups forevery bit good as students ( ibid83 ) . Sharing leading thunder mug besides enable the principal to go a scholar in this acquirement environment as he peck larn through coaction with these instructor leaders ( Fullan and Hargreaves, 1991122 ) . As Barth ( 2001 ) notes A school civilization hospitable to widespread leading will be a school civilization hospitable to widespread accomplishment ( p. 81 ) .Pupil VoiceEqually good as supplying instructors with greater duty through leading functions another cardinal feature of a absolute attainment environment is one in which students are given greater duty by ap serviceing them a representative smatter school policy and the ir ain acquisition. The United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child ( 1989 ) states States Parties shall guarantee to the kid who is capable of organizing his or ain positions the right to show those positions freely in all affairs impacting the kid a . ( oblige 12 ) . Irish Policy recognised this right with the publication of the National Children s dodging ( 2000 ) which aims to make An Ireland where kids are respected as immature citizens with a determine part to do and a instance of their ain a . ( subdivision of Health and Children, 200010 ) . An obvious context for kids to exert this voice is sing their school experiences as a proceeds of the big part of their lives they fell in school ( Devine, 2004112 ) .Opportunities for students to be given this voice in school include affecting them in building and take parting in their ain acquisition by supplying feed ass to instructors on lessons sing how students erudite and ways the instructor could do the lesson to a greater extent ambitious or mellisonant ( Claxton, 2008157 ) and by puting up savant councils to communication school policies and processs ( McLoughlin, 2004 ) . This voice buns even travel every bit far as learning instructors as Barth ( 20013 ) describes a school in which students provide direction to instructors sing nurture communicating engineering accomplishments. This writer s school has begun the procedure of supplying this voice to pupils through the constitution of the Green Schools delegation in which pupil representatives from every category meet on a hebdomadal footing to discourse school environmental processs.Supplying students with this voice can make a positive acquisition environment in a figure of ways. The positives of giving pupils chances to lend to school policies such as the codification of behaviour are outlined by the National teaching Welfare Board ( NEWB ) sight that students are more likely to back up a codification of behavior when they extradite helped to develop it. Relationships of devote in the midst of instructors and pupils can turn through the procedure ( NEWB, 200816 ) .Childs can besides larn accomplishments of hearing, negociating and pull offing differences through active involution in a societal context ( NEWB, 200816 ) . Supplying students with this voice can actuate them to come to school by demoing them that both they and their sentiments sing determinations that affect them affair ( Stoll and Fink, 1996139 ) . It shows kids that the school will handle them rightly as Devine ( 2004122 ) notes kids assimi new that schools treat them below the belt when schools exclude their positions. Children s force to larn about issues such as democracy, justness and inclusiveness can be made more effectual as kids experience these rights fore just about script through pattern and engagement ( Devine, 2004124 ) . In his survey of a pupil council roach up in a primary school McLoughlin ( 2004132 ) celebrate d positive acquisition results for the students involved including felicity and pride as a consequence of being involved, a sense of belonging, increased assurance and a turning sense of partnership with school forces. Claxton ( 2008 ) notes that puting up pupil councils to discourse issues of existent importance enables participants to cognize that what they learn by undertaking these issues will function them good in ulterior life ( p. 149 ) .Resistance to ChangeIn order to include these comparatively fresh constructs of instructor leading and pupil voice as outlined above schools wee to get the better of the common obstruction of opposite word to alter. As Eisner ( 1992 ) notes It is much easier to alter educational policy than to alter the ways in which schools map ( p. 610 ) . This opposition can come from instructors and principals. This opposition to alter is an obstruction to gaining a positive acquisition environment as Stoll and Fink ( 1996 ) noteA school is either b ettering or it is getting worse. It can non stand still because its context is invariably altering ( p.42 ) . umpteen instructors may defy diversity as they fear new inventions that they feel might expose their ain perceived insufficiencies ( Stoll and Fink, 199650 ) , experience a sense of loss go forthing a set of familiar set of behaviors behind and fear the hereafter and the unknown ( Tuohy, 199927 ) . Experienced instructors may defy alteration as a consequence of familiar modus operandis they have built up which require minimum attempt on their portion ( Eisner, 1998159 ) .The writer experienced this opposition to alter on several(prenominal) occasions. iodine such juncture was when the writer displayed a aiming saying to pupils You have the right to give your sentiment, and for grownups to listen and take it badly , adapted from Article 12 of The United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child ( 1989 ) , in his schoolroom. Several of the writer s co-workers expre ssed their disapproval of this message being displayed to kids due to its incorrectness on the evidences that students should make precisely and without inquiry as they are instructed to by instructors as has ever been the instance. This mentality earnestly restricts the possible to supply a voice to pupils as outlined above. This writer has besides witnessed instructors learning the same content utilizing the same methodological analysiss twelvemonth after twelvemonth disregardless of alterations in issue or school policies.Callan ( 2006 ) in researching the School syllabus tuition ( SCD ) enterprise in 20 Irish supplemental schools notes that principals can besides defy alteration saying Consequently, one learn in the procedure of this enterprise that one could non presume that there was a preparedness, willingness, or a capacity among school principals to change their function ( p. 107 ) . practical grounds for this include principals desiring to keep on to designer and control and to be at the Centre of doing determinations sing everything that happens in their school ( Barth, 2001108 ) . This has an obvious minus consequence to the end of supplying leading functions for all instructors.Physical EnvironmentCohen, McCabe, Michelli and Pickeral ( 20093 ) highlight the importance of a school s physical environment observing that the environmental-structural dimension of a school including its cleanliness, infinite and stuffs and aesthetic quality is one of four indispensable dimensions sing the quality and character of school life. look has shown that the first alteration the bulk of freshly appoint principals make upon get downing in the function of principal is a calculated alteration to the school s physical environment ( Stoll and Fink, 199651 ) . Marie Stubbs when appointed principal to St. George s Roman Catholic Secondary School in London, England transform the fighting school which was on the threshold of closing from the Office for St andards in raising ( Ofsted ) into a positive acquisition environment which went on to be nominated by Ofsted as a national illustration of good pattern. One method she adopted to accomplish this was by doing several alterations to the school s physical environment. These included painting each floor of the school a polar bright coloring material doing the school more visually appealing and welcoming to pupils, altering the schools atrium by seting in new comfy chairs doing it a more comfy and inviting topographic point for pupils and seting up noticeboards incorporating images and information about pupils and their activities, including birthday notices, to demo them they were valued ( Stubbs, 2003 ) . The late appointed principal in the writer s school has besides made several alterations to the school s physical environment including the creative activity of a new computing machine room which enables students to larn, and hopefully learn, information communicating engineering a ccomplishments.Claxton ( 2008 ) identifies extra physical characteristics of a learning school including shows which show the journey of acquisition every bit good as the terminal merchandise, such as a student s different efforts at making a picture, showing to them We are every bit interested in the traveling as in the arriving ( p. 145 ) . He besides states that One of the ways you can recognize a larning power civilization is by looking at the objects and shows that instructors have chosen to aggrandize their classroomsa . ( p. 145 ) encouraging shows that develop students acquisition musculuss ( p. 148 ) . He recommends a schoolroom layout which encourages students to travel about and larn from each other in a societal context ( p. 148 ) . Such a layout can enable students to larn through the societal procedure described by Vygotsky where with aid from somebody more knowing and skilled in a co-operative scene, the scholar is able to accomplish more than he could entire ly ( Stoll, Fink and Earl, 200338 ) . A school physical environment which both enables and encourages larning is consequently a cardinal feature of a positive acquisition environment.Continuous Teacher Professional Development through CollaborationEqually good as promoting students to larn, positive acquisition environments encourage instructors to larn. Stoll and Fink ( 1996 ) highlight a important ground for this statinga important contributor to pupil acquisition is teacher larning. When instructors are professionally fulfilled, demonstrate occupation satisfaction, accomplishments and cognition, and have a lovesome feeling of efficaciousness around their pattern, they are more likely to actuate students to desire to larn ( p. 152 ) .Another factor in instructor larning promoting student acquisition is the illustration this sets for students many an(prenominal) of whom will look for to emulate their instructor s illustration ( Barth, 200128 ) . In order to supply a positive a cquisition illustration, instructors can be observen by their pupils to be seeking out ways of going a better instructor. In making so they are patterning person who is invariably looking to acquire better at what they do ( Claxton, 2008157 ) . It has besides been argued that teachers frame better pedagogues when they invariably learn how to learn ( Barth, 200128 ) .The Education movement ( 1998 ) refers to the significance of instructor larning observing the importance of a school environment which is supportive of larning among pupils and which promotes the professional development of instructors ( subdivision 23-2c ) . The cardinal issue is how the school supports this development. This development should be uninterrupted and changeless because there will ever be a demand for instructors to better ( Fullan, 1991344 ) and When instructors stop turning, so make their pupils ( Barth 199050 ) . Many educational authors advocate the importance of coaction between instructors as cardinal to their professional development ( Callan, 2006 71 Lieberman and Miller, 199969 Palmer, 2007146 Stoll and Fink, 199654 ) . As Stoll et Al. ( 2003 ) note If systems to back up professional growing are intended to prolong their acquisition, they must nevertheless, aid schools develop as acquisition communities where pedagogues collaborate to ask sarcasticly about their ain pattern ( p. 173 ) .Methods of teacher coaction presently used by the writer include squad instruction, in which the mainstream category instructor and resource instructor prepare and Teach lessons together and joint planning, where instructors of a circumstantial twelvemonth group curriculum lessons together on a monthly footing. Other methods, non yet utilise in pattern by the writer, include mentoring, in which a aged member of staff provides feedback to a late appointed instructor sing lessons, lesson readying, resources and planning cooperative action research, in which instructors examin e a specific country of the school such as methodological analysiss used in learning job work outing accomplishments in mathematics and common observation and feedback of lessons in which critical friends observe each other s lessons and supply critical feedback sing strengths and failings in learning methodological analysiss diligent ( Stoll et al. , 200394 ) . In trying to make a collaborative acquisition environment it is of import that instructors are shown that collaborative work can take many diverse signifiers and empowered to choose patterns which suit them best instead than one peculiar attack being forced on them ( Fullan and Hargreaves, 1991123/124 ) .These collaborative environments can assist instructors to larn in assorted ways. As Rosenholtz ( 198985 ) notes they can enable instructors to admit that instruction is hard and that it is of import to seek aid from co-workers. In pass oning more with co-workers, instructors can go more confident and certain about what t hey are seeking to accomplish and how good they are accomplishing it. Merely as it has been tell that pupils larn better in a societal context from each other the same can be said about instructors. Equally good as instructor coaction bettering instructors chances to larn it can make likewise for students as you can non hold pupils as uninterrupted scholars and effectual confederates, without instructors retentiveness these same features ( Fullan, 199346 ) . It besides enhances the school s overall ability to better as a high degree of shared vision and teamwork is required to give tongue to about important alteration ( Tuohy, 1999179 ) .Dysfunctional Staff RelationshipsAn obstruction to teacher acquisition, oddly in footings of collaborative acquisition, and hence to gaining a positive acquisition environment is dysfunctional staff relationships. It has been noted that negative school environments have actively hostile relationships among staff ( Peterson, 2002 ) . The write r, through experience of learning in a school with over 30 instructors on staff, has seen dysfunctional, and even hostile, staff relationships as a consequence of subcultures or cliques of instructors organizing, a procedure described as Balkanization ( Fullan and Hargreaves, 199172 ) . In the writer s experience members of assorted subcultures had no enfolding or desire in working with yet whole join forcesing with members of other subcultures. This subculture outlook, and ill will which sometimes accompanies it, besides provides a paltry illustration to pupils who frequently strive to emulate their instructor s illustration. In add-on as Fullan and Hargreaves ( 1991 ) noteBalkanization may take to hapless communicating, indifference, or groups traveling their separate ways in a school. This in bend can bring forth hapless continuity in supervising pupil advancement and inconsistent outlooks for their public presentation and behavior ( p. 72 ) .Another type of dysfunctional s taff relationships are sympathetic relationships as opposed to collegial 1s ( Lieberman and Miller, 2008 ) . These congenial civilizations can curtail instructors military strength to larn through coaction as although relationships are good-humored and harmonious they do non affect the struggle or hazard needed to flummox about effectual critical coaction and acquisition among instructors, such as critical feedback sing lesson observations, as instructors are excessively concerned sing their popularity ( Lieberman and Miller, 200818 ) .In the writer s experience dysfunctional relationships can besides be between principals and instructors around issues such as work load, acknowledgment, regard and duty assigned to instructors by principals. This has a negative consequence on positive acquisition environments as Barth ( 2001 ) notes a common feature of a troubled school is troubled, embattled, or antiseptic decision master teacher relationships ( p. 105 ) . These dysfunction al staff relationships can therefore earnestly impede a school s possible to go a positive acquisition environment and as Stoll and Fink ( 1996 ) note Until mood and collegiality issues receive attending, instructors in schools sing troubles frequently show small involvement in development of instruction and acquisition schemes ( p. 78 ) . raiseal EngagementEducational literature has noted the positive benefits, such as making a sense of biotic community belonging, which can accrue from affecting other grownups in the local community besides instructors in schools ( Fullan, 199384 Stoll et al. , 200373 Tuohy, 199989 ) . Involving the most important grownups in students lives, their parents or defenders, can go a cardinal feature of a positive acquisition environment. Parents can be encouraged to go involved in the administration of the school by doing costumes for school dramas, supplying aid in schoolrooms, providing resources, giving negotiations on countries of expertness, training athleticss squads, functioning on school commissions and the Board of Management of the school, join forcesing with instructors sing their kids s acquisition and lending to the development of school policies.This engagement can hold several positive results. The National Education Welfare Board ( NEWB ) ( 2008 ) outlines the significance of affecting parents in developing the codification of behaviour school policy for a school by pulling on their outlooks, penetrations and experience which may tender the school a different position. Possible positive consequences include fiting parents to beef up to their kids the messages about acquisition and behavior that are contributing to a positive school, giving parents an penetration into the demands for instructors to learn efficaciously and assisting parents to hold a strong sense of pride and ownership of the school s work ( NEWB, 200816 ) . In add-on as Stoll and Fink ( 1996 ) note The fact be that parents and instructors need to be reading from the same page to advance student acquisition and development ( p. 135 ) . It has been noted that most parents have a important desire for schools to be positive larning environments as they want their kids to larn to their full potency ( Barth, 2001168 ) . By join forcesing with parents sing their kids s larning instructors can happen out a wealth of information refering these students such as their involvements enabling instructors to construction lessons based on these involvements which can increase pupil motive.Schools can besides follow steps to affect parents in heightening their kids s acquisition at place. In researching international surveies from 20 states on school household community partnerships, Drum sanders and Epstein ( 2005208 ) observe this was the country most households in most states requested support and counsel in. This can be achieved by schools carry oning plans and patterns, such as workshops and place visits, to beef up rearin g accomplishments and aid parents supply place environments to back up their kids s acquisition. Research suggests these steps can advance a positive acquisition environment as a consequence of positive influences on households patterns at place, parent and student attitudes about schools, students faculty member accomplishment and instructors attitudes towards parents ( Sanders and Epstein, 2005208 ) . Parents can besides be encouraged by instructors to talk to their kids sing their ain acquisition in their mundane lives. As kids frequently look to their parents as function theoretical accounts this can excite kids s acquisition and enable them to see the importance of womb-to-tomb acquisition ( Barth, 200124 ) . Drum sanders and Epstein ( 2005 ) besides discovered Surveies across states indicate that pupils benefit when they interact with household members about subjects they are larning in category such as in reading, spelling, literacy and mathematics ( p. 217 ) . In tran sporting out the attacks outlined parents can besides go scholars in this acquisition environment and understand the altering nature of schools and acquisition.The writer has witnessed merely limit parental engagement confined to fund-raising responsibilities through engagement in the Parent Teachers Association. Even in this limited engagement parents from cultural minorities groups, disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds and the traveler community are non included which appears to be the norm in many Irish schools ( Lodge, Devine and Deegan, 2004 ) . Schools hence need to affect all parents in the administration of the school and heightening students acquisition as Most kids learn academic topics in school, but how they learn, what else they learn, and why they learn are influenced by schools, households, communities and their connexions ( Sanders and Epstein, 2005214 ) .Government PoliciesWhile away(p) spouses, such as parents, can assist to make a positive acquisition env ironment, external factors beyond the schools control, such as recent Irish authorities policies can besides be an obstruction to gaining such an environment. youthful Budgets have created such an obstruction. Budget 2009 increased category sizes which besides led to a loss in learning send ( Department of Finance, 2008 ) slice Budget 2010 saw cuts made in the allotments to teacher professional development ( Department of Finance, 2009 ) which has been outlined as a cardinal feature of a positive acquisition environment. Budget 2011 programs to cut down instructor Numberss in mainstream primary schools with the backdown of Resource Teachers for Travellers and cut downing the figure of run-in Support Teachers by 500 in the following four old ages ( Department of Finance, 2010 ) . In making so the Irish authorities are taking support constructions for students and their parents who, as has been noted in this essay, frequently do nt hold a voice or input into schools.The Department of Education and Science placed a moratorium on primary schools advancing instructors to stations of duty ( DES Circular 0022/2009 ) . In response to this step the Irish National Teachers Organisation ( INTO ) instructed its members non to set about extra responsibilities where a post/acting station of duty is non filled as a consequence of this moratorium ( INTO, 2009 ) . These combined steps, by curtailing instructors possible to take on excess duties, have hence badly hindered the capacity for schools to implement teacher leading for all instructors as outlined in this essay.The writer s school late underwent a Whole School Evaluation in which three departmental inspectors inspected the schools effectualness for the continuance of a hebdomad. These inspectors placed a heavy parlance on written planning which the writer felt did small to heighten the quality of instruction and acquisition in the school. Problems such external reviews can convey on schools include force per uni t area to line up to the review theoretical account and standards and they can suppress originative and critical instructor contemplation on the opinion and rating of school effectivity ( Stoll and Fink, 1996170 ) . The inspectorate completed unheralded ( incidental ) external reviews in over 450 primary schools throughout all parts of Ireland between October 2009 and October 2010 ( DES, 2010 ) . Finland, which has no national school reviews but a system of school self-evaluation ( Webb, Vulliamy, Sarja and Hamalainen, 2006 ) , was one of the highest prize states in the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) Programme for International Student Assessment ( PISA ) study of instruction public presentation while in both literacy and maths degrees Irelands ranking declined significantly when compared to 2000 ( OECD, 2010 ) . It can be argued hence that the current Department of Education and Skills theoretical account of school reviews can make an obstruction t o gaining positive acquisition environments.DecisionAs outlined in this essay, principals, instructors, students, parents and the schools physical environment can all play important functions to enable schools to go positive learning environments. The cardinal features of such a school can be described as one that provides leading functions and associated duties to its full teaching staff affords a voice to pupils sing school policies and their ain acquisition contains a physical environment that enables and encourages larning promotes uninterrupted instructor acquisition and development through coaction and has steps to affect all parents in the administration of the school and in heightening their kids s acquisition. As illustrated by holding these features the school will heighten the possible and motive to larn in all its participants making a community of scholars.In the writer s experience while initial stairss have been made Irish primary schools still have to to the full gain this presently mostly theoretical theoretical account of a positive acquisition environment. Reasons for this include troubles in get the better ofing common obstructions such as opposition to alter from school forces, dysfunctional staff relationships and recent authorities policies. Developing the features outlined is important to making a community of scholars as American pedagogue Laurence Downey ( 1967 ) expressed it A school Teachs in three ways by what it teaches, by how it teaches and by the sort of topographic point it is .11 Quoted by David Hopkins Teaching and Learning as the Heartland of School Improvement Seamus O Suilleabhain annals talk, NUI Maynooth, September 2001