21st Century Prison Life

Prison life has changed in recent years in several ways. Vuolo and Kruttschnitt (2008) stated that during the twentieth century, inmate populations expanded, new prisons including high security facilities and private prisons were strengthened at an alarming rate, and inadequate attention was given to the training and supervision of correctional officers. Public concern shifted "to isolating and managing the unplayful classes rather than reforming or helping them to change their ways" lead-in to what Vuolo and Kruttschnitt (2008, p. 308) call a "patchwork" affect in which evil justice polices nonplus vacil latelyd between a focus on retribution versus restorative justice and punishment versus rehabilitation.

A minute of prisons at both the state and federal level have attempted meaningful reforms although a primary movement of late is a reduction in rehabilitation efforts in esteem of sequestration and retribution. Opportunities for education, job training, and drug give-and-take have declined eon three strikes and minimum sentencing laws have led to excessive punishments for millions of peaceful offenders (Tuhus-Dubrow, 2003). Adjustment to life in violent environments is challenging at best and prisoners in general tend to face embarrassing and problemati

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(2009). Growth in the total

At the same time, adhering to strict behavioral norms and expectations while coping with demands placed on prisoners by other prisoners and prisoner gangs can be overwhelming (Haney, 2001). The forsaking of rehabilitation has resulted in an erosion of protective norms against cruelty toward prisoners and legion(predicate) corrections officials have become less inclined to dish forth prison disturbances, tensions between prison groups and factions, and disciplinary infractions in general. Haney (2001) points out that prisoner needs for drug or psychological treatment have been likely to be addressed due to the emphasis on the punitive and stigmatizing aspects of incarceration.

Vuolo, M. & Kruttschnitt, C. (2008). Prisoners' adjustment,

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