Payne v. Tennesse

According to Elkenberry, "in the warmheartedness ages, victims [of crimes] engaged in primitive blood feuds with their criminal offenders" (21). As, however, Anglo-American code evolved, the state assumed from private parties the entire burden of prosecution. Philips utter "the . . . criminal evaluator system [became] no longer base on the victim's consider for vengeance, but rather on society's need to deter and control crime" (114). According to Shanker, the victims' rights movement, which first collected momentum in the 1960s, began as a women's rights movement toward fairer give-and-take of rape victims and eventually encompassed a broad range of well-grounded rights, programs and protections (712). Acker said that "little more than a decade ago, it was not uncommon for victims of crime to be ignored, mistreated, and even 'revictimized' during their interactions with the criminal justice system" (76).

Examples of victims' rights organizations include the National Organization for dupe help (NOVA), Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), Victims' Assistance Legal Organization (VALOR) and Parents of murder Children (POMC).

Acker said that public opinion polls in the eighties showed that as rates of violent crime sharply rose, 80 percent of the general public said they believed that the courts did not bonk harshly enough with criminals while at the same clock neglecting the rights of victims (72).

Roland said that surveys in the 1980s showed that "victims are

Philips argues that the admission of VISs tends to reinforce existing prejudices: "juries . . . are most desirely to empathize with victims who are most like themselves: white and core class" (103). The Criminal Law Section of the American visitation Lawyers Association opposes the admission of VISs under the Court's ruling in Payne which it says " entrust increase the burden on the defendant, who must correct errors like inflammatory testimony through appeals" (Wood 151).

Talbert, Philip A. "The Relevance of Victim Impact

Lapo, Nunzio. "America's present moment of Silence. As McVeigh Goes

Erez, Edna. "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Victim? Victim

Oberlander, Michael I. "The Payne of Allowing Victim Impact

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